Fuzzy Logic

Dr Alexiei Dingli

What is fuzzy logic?

Definition of fuzzy

Fuzzy not clear, distinct, or precise; blurred

Definition of fuzzy logic

A form of knowledge representation suitable for notions

that cannot be defined precisely, but which depend upon

their contexts.

Formal Definition

Fuzzy logic provides a method to formalize reasoning when dealing with vague terms. Traditional computing requires finite precision which is not always possible in real world scenarios. Not every decision is either true or false, or as with Boolean logic either 0 or 1. Fuzzy logic allows for membership functions, or degrees of truthfulness and falsehoods. Or as with Boolean logic, not only 0 and 1 but all the numbers that fall in between.

TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC

bool speed; get the speed if ( speed == 0) { // speed is slow } else { // speed is fast }

Better (Fuzzy Representation)

For every problem must represent in terms of fuzzy sets. What are fuzzy sets?

Slowest
[ 0.0 0.25 ]

Slow

[ 0.25 0.50 ]

Fast
[ 0.50 0.75 ]

Fastest
[ 0.75 1.00 ]

Representing Fuzzy Sets

float speed; get the speed if ((speed >= 0.0)&&(speed < 0.25)) { // speed is slowest } else if ((speed >= 0.25)&&(speed < 0.5)) { // speed is slow } else if ((speed >= 0.5)&&(speed < 0.75)) { // speed is fast } else // speed >= 0.75 && speed < 1.0 { // speed is fastest }

ORIGINS OF FUZZY LOGIC

The idea behind fuzzy logic dates back to Plato, who recognized not only the logic system of true and false, but also an undetermined area the uncertain. In the 1960s Lotfi A. Zadeh Ph.D,. University of California, Berkeley, published an obscure paper on fuzzy sets. His unconventional theory allowed for approximate information and uncertainty when generating complex solutions; a process that previously did not exist. Fuzzy Logic has been around since the mid 60s but was not readily excepted until the 80s and 90s. Although now prevalent throughout much of the world, China, Japan and Korea were the early adopters

Crisp (Traditional) Variables Crisp variables represent precise quantities:

x = 3.1415296 A {0,1}

A proposition is either True or False

ABC

King(Richard) Greedy(Richard) Evil(Richard)

Richard is either greedy or he isn't:
Greedy(Richard) {0,1}

Fuzzy Sets

What if Richard is only somewhat greedy?

Fuzzy Sets can represent the degree to which a quality is possessed. Fuzzy Sets (Simple Fuzzy Variables) have values in the range of [0,1] Greedy(Richard) = 0.7 Question: How evil is Richard?

Fuzzy Linguistic Variables

Fuzzy Linguistic Variables are used to represent qualities spanning a particular spectrum

Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}

Membership Function

Question: What is the temperature?

Answer: It is warm. Question: How warm is it?

Membership Functions Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot} Degree of Truth or "Membership"
1 Freezing Cool Warm Hot

0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

Membership Functions How cool is 36 ?

Freezing

Cool

Warm

Hot

0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

Membership Functions How cool is 36 F ? It is 30% Cool and 70% Freezing

1 Freezing Cool Warm Hot

0.7 0.3
0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

Fuzzy Logic

How do we use fuzzy membership functions in predicate logic? Fuzzy logic Connectives: Fuzzy Conjunction, Fuzzy Disjunction, Operate on degrees of membership in fuzzy sets

Fuzzy Disjunction

AB = max(A, B) AB = C "Quality C is the disjunction of Quality A and B"

A
1 1 0.75

0.375

(AB = C) (C = 0.75)

Fuzzy Conjunction

AB = min(A, B) AB = C "Quality C is the conjunction of Quality A and B"

A
1 1 0.75

0.375

(AB = C) (C = 0.375)

Example: Fuzzy Conjunction

Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is 20

A
1 1

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Example: Fuzzy Conjunction

Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is 20

A
1 1

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Determine degrees of membership:

Example: Fuzzy Conjunction

Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is 20

A
1 1

0.7

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Determine degrees of membership: A = 0.7

Example: Fuzzy Conjunction

Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is 20

A
1 1

0.9 0.7

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Determine degrees of membership: A = 0.7 B = 0.9

Example: Fuzzy Conjunction

Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is 20

A
1 1

0.9 0.7

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Determine degrees of membership: A = 0.7 B = 0.9 Apply Fuzzy AND AB = min(A, B) = 0.7

Fuzzy Control

Fuzzy Control combines the use of fuzzy linguistic variables with fuzzy logic Example: Speed Control How fast am I going to drive today? It depends on the weather

Disjunction of Conjunctions

Inputs: Temperature
Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}
1 Freezing Cool Warm Hot

0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

Inputs: Temperature, Cloud Cover

Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}
1 Freezing Cool Warm Hot

0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

Cover: {Sunny, Partly, Overcast}

1 Sunny Partly Cloudy Overcast

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cloud Cover (%)

Output: Speed

Speed: {Slow, Fast}

Slow Fast

0 0 25 50 75 100 Speed (mph)

Rules

If it's Sunny and Warm, drive Fast Sunny(Cover)Warm(Temp) Fast(Speed) If it's Cloudy and Cool, drive Slow Cloudy(Cover)Cool(Temp) Slow(Speed) Driving Speed is the combination of output of these rules...

Example Speed Calculation

How fast will I go if it is 65 F 25 % Cloud Cover ?

Fuzzification: Calculate Input Membership Levels

65 F Cool = 0.4, Warm= 0.7
1 Freezing Cool Warm Hot

0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

25% Cover Sunny = 0.8, Cloudy = 0.2

1 Sunny Partly Cloudy Overcast

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cloud Cover (%)

...Calculating...

If it's Sunny and Warm, drive Fast Sunny(Cover)Warm(Temp)Fast(Speed)

0.8 0.7 = 0.7 Fast = 0.7

If it's Cloudy and Cool, drive Slow Cloudy(Cover)Cool(Temp)Slow(Speed)

0.2 0.4 = 0.2 Slow = 0.2

Defuzzification: Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

1 Slow Fast

0 0 25 50 75 100 Speed (mph)

Find centroids: Location where membership is 100%

2/9/2004

Fuzzy Logic

30

Defuzzification: Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

1 Slow Fast

0 0 25 50 75 100 Speed (mph)

Find centroids: Location where membership is 100% 100% Slow = 25 100% Fast = 75

Defuzzification: Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

1 Slow Fast

0 0 25 50 75 100 Speed (mph)

Speed = weighted mean = (20*25+...

Defuzzification: Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

1 Slow Fast

0 0 25 50 75 100 Speed (mph)

Speed = weighted mean = (20*25+70*75)/(20 + 70) = 63.8 mph

2/9/2004 Fuzzy Logic 33

Notes: Follow-up Points

Fuzzy Logic Control allows for the smooth interpolation between variable centroids with relatively few rules This does not work with crisp (traditional Boolean) logic Provides a natural way to model some types of human expertise in a computer program

FUZZY LOGIC IN CONTROL SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Logic provides a more efficient and resourceful way to solve Control Systems.

Some Examples

Temperature Controller Anti Lock Break System ( ABS )

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER

The problem

Change the speed of a heater fan, based on the room temperature and humidity

A temperature control system has four settings

Cold, Cool, Warm, and Hot

Humidity can be defined by:

Low, Medium, and High

Using this we can define the fuzzy set

ANTI LOCK BREAK SYSTEM ( ABS )

Nonlinear and dynamic in nature Inputs for Intel Fuzzy ABS are derived from

Brake 4 WD Feedback Wheel speed Ignition

Outputs
Pulsewidth Error lamp

Structure of Controller

Fuzzification Scales and maps input variables to fuzzy sets Inference Mechanism Approximate reasoning Deduces the control action
Defuzzification Convert fuzzy output values to control signals

Rule Base

Air Temperature Set cold {50, 0, 0} Set cool {65, 55, 45} Set just right {70, 65, 60} Set warm {85, 75, 65} Set hot {, 90, 80}

Fan Speed Set stop {0, 0, 0} Set slow {50, 30, 10} Set medium {60, 50, 40} Set fast {90, 70, 50} Set blast {, 100, 80}

Rules

Air Conditioning Controller Example:

IF Cold then Stop If Cool then Slow If OK then Medium If Warm then Fast IF Hot then Blast

Fuzzy Air Conditioner

0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 if Cold then Stop
o St
m Co ol

s Bla

If Hot then Blast If Warm then Fast

Fa s

Med ium

If Just Right then Medium IF Cool then Slow

Sl

ow

0 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Jus Rig t ht

Ho

ar

Co ld

Mapping Inputs to Outputs

Notes: Drawbacks to Fuzzy logic

Requires tuning of membership functions

Fuzzy Logic control may not scale well to large or complex problems
Deals with imprecision, and vagueness, but not uncertainty

CONCLUSION

Fuzzy logic provides an alternative way to represent

linguistic and subjective attributes of the real world in

computing.

It is able to be applied to control systems and other applications in order to improve the efficiency and

simplicity of the design process.

Questions?