ADVANCED FIRST AID

Instructor: Dr. Nguyen Van Phu

INTRODUCTION

REGULATIONS IN CLASS
Sign in attendance list
Arrive in and leave the class on time Mobile phones are required to be silent / Laptop is off Keep the training venue clean and tidy No smoking and eating in the class Fill out the evaluation form upon completion of the class

AGENDA
Day I
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. Pre-test Introduction of first aid The five fears The basic anatomy and physiology General emergency guideline Universal precautions Blood Borne Pathogens First aid kits Basic Life Support Rescue breathing Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Choking Recovery position Introduction of Defibrillator Common conditions

Day II

Day III

AGENDA
Day III Common conditions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Heart attack Cardiovascular diseases Stroke Bleeding control Wounds Nose bleed Burns Eye injuries Heat and Cold Emergencies 11. Head injury 12. Back / Neck injury 13. Abdominal injury 14. Drowning 15. Poisoning 16. Bites and Stings 17. Seizures 18. Shock Management 19. Diabetes emergencies

10. Musculoskeletal injuries

20. Tips

1. PRE-TEST

2. INTRODUCTION OF FIRST AID

1. What is first aid (FA)? FA is the immediate care of the ill or injured before treatment can be given by a medical professional. Aims of FA: - To access the situation. - To recognize the problem. - To provide immediate care. - To preserve life. - To promote recovery. - To arrange transfer to a hospital, or for doctors advice What will you learn on the course? You will learn the essential skills to deal with accidents, emergencies and sudden illnesses, which are commonly seen in day to day life.

2.

3.

Note: FA measures are not meant to replace the medical professional care and treatment, but only to provide temporary support until professional medical help arrives.

3. THE FIVE FEARS

1. Fear of disease
Solution: Universal precautions. Always use PPE for every patient, every time.

2.

Fear of lawsuit
Solution: Good Samaritan law protects us from legal liability when we act in good faith and do not have a duty to act.

3.

Fear of uncertainty
Solution: Emphasis is places on the role of CPR. The key is to circulate blood with oxygen to the brain.

4.

Fear of hurting a patient

Solution: Patient who are clinically dead can only be helped, not made worse with resuscitation efforts.

5.

Fear of unsafe scene

Solution: Never enter an unsafe scene! Rescuers are no use to patients if they become patients themselves.

4. BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Heart, Blood vessels, and Blood

BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

HEART: To pump blood to the whole tissues through blood vessels. If the heart stops pumping DEATH results BLOOD VESSELS: Arteries, veins, and capillaries. ARTERIES carry blood from heart, VEINS carry blood to the heart, and CAPILLARIES is the meeting of artery & vein

BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

BLOOD Volume in adult: 7% of Body weight. 1 pump of cardiac output = 70 ml and heart can circulate about 4.5 to 5 liters in a minute. A severe blood loss can cause death!!! Blood: Plasma 55% and Cells 45% of total volume

Plasma: 90 % water, 7% protein, and 3% lipid. It carries nutrients and waste to the cells and from cells
Blood cells: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets Heart beats: 60-80/ minute

BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory tract: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli O2 and CO2 exchange in the air sac (Alveoli) Blood carries the oxygen to the tissues Inhale: 21 % oxygen Exhale: Carbondioxide + 16% oxygen Normal healthy adult: 8-20x /minute. It will be increased when we run or do more physical work Normal breathing in adults: quiet, shallow and rhythm When consciousness is lost, airway obstruction and oxygen deprivation may develop

BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

3.

Brain
Tells the rest of body what to do and needs oxygen on a regular basis. It weighs three pounds and uses 20% of the bodys oxygen. Brain cells will begin to die in 4-6 minutes.

4.

Cells
All cells of body require oxygen continuously to carry out normal functions. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product and must be eliminated from body through the lungs. Red blood cells transport the oxygen to the tissues.

5. GENERAL EMERGENCY GUIDELINE

1. 2. 3. Access the situation Check for safety. Control of your feelings dont act impulsively. Call for help (Remember each second counts). Controlling your feelings Remain and communicate calm, supportive attitude to the ill or injured individual. Try to project a confident attitude to the casualty, explain what you are doing Never leave an ill or injured individual alone. Have someone call for help. Do not allow unnecessary crowding of area by onlookers. If trained and if necessary, institute CPR. Do not use any treatment methods beyond your skills. When in doubt, call for help. Where to call In an emergency, making the right phone call can mean the difference between life and death.

GENERAL EMERGENCY GUIDELINE

4. Call emergency medical services closet to you if the victim Has no pulse. Is unconscious or semi-conscious. Is showing signs of shock. Has a head / spinal injury. Has multiple fractures. Is severe bleeding. Has an injury or illness that is life threatening. Has breathing problem. Burns (serious or covering large area). Poisoning. Seizures (more than one convulsion). Serious limb injury or amputation. Foreign body in throat.

5.

Being prepared When you call for help, be prepared to give your name, the location, and the details of emergency. Know the route to the nearest FA station / hospital emergency room.

GENERAL EMERGENCY GUIDELINE

6. What to tell the doctor or ambulance staff? What has happened. What symptoms or signs and nature of injury. Where is the victim. The phone number and address of your location.

7.

Universal precautions

6. UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
1. For handling blood / body fluids: To prevent spreading of infections from one person to another through contact with infectious materials.

Use protective barriers and infection control techniques in all the following situations:
1. When caring for bleeding injuries or handling other body fluids. 2. Body fluids include blood, drainage from cuts, skin lesions, faeces, vomits, nasal discharge and saliva. 3. Avoid direct contact with body fluids. Use disposable gloves for cleaning cuts and scrapes or any injuries/bleeding wounds. 4. If skin contact occurs, hands and all other affected skin should be washed with soap and running water as soon as possible.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

2.

For rescue breathing: It is necessary to perform rescue breathing, a one-way mask or other infection control barrier (handkerchief) should be used. However, rescue breathing should not be delayed while such a device is being located.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
3. 4. Prior to treatment: Wash hands with soap and water or rinse with an antiseptic solution. If available, wear gloves. Do not touch any unclean object when wearing gloves or hands washed. If possible, use a protective cover over clothing. During treatment: Use a face shield or mask with a one-way valve or filter, if available, when doing resuscitation, alternatively, use a handkerchief. Use only clean bandages and dressings. Avoid contact with body fluids. Treating more than one casualty, wash hands and change gloves. After treatment: Clean up both casualty and yourself. Clean up the immediate vicinity. Dispose of waste materials such as dressings, bandages, sharps, gloves and soiled clothing safely and correctly. Wash hands with soap and water throughout, even if gloves were used. Clean the spills.

5.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
6. Hand washing procedure:
Wash hands vigorously with soap under a stream of running water for at least 20 seconds. Rinse hands well with running water and thoroughly dry with paper towels. Even if gloves are used, hand should be washed after removal of gloves. In case of handling more than one casualty, change gloves and wash hands in between the care of each casualty.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
7. Gloves: Gloves should be worn when taking care of the injuries. Disposable single-use, waterproof gloves (eg. latex or vinyl) should be used. Do not reuse gloves.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

8. Disposal of infectious waste: All used or contaminated supplies (gloves and other barriers, bandages) except sharp objects (syringes, needles) should be places into a plastic bag and sealed. Body waste (urine, vomits, faeces) should be disposed of in the toilet. If body fluids (urine, vomits) are spilled, the body fluids should be covered with an absorbent sanitary material, gently swept up, and discarded in plastic bags.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
9. Clean up spill of blood and body fluids: Spills of blood and body fluids should be cleaned up immediately with a disinfectant cleaner. Wear gloves. Mop up the area well, using 1:10 water/bleach solution or appropriate disinfectant. Dispose of gloves, soiled towels, and other waste in sealed plastic bags and place in garbage, as already indicated.

7. BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS

8. FIRST AID KIT

FIRST AID KIT

FIRST AID KIT

SUMMARY
1. What is First Aid? Aims of it?
2. The 5 fears?

3.
4. 5.

General emergency guideline

Universal precaution Hands washing technique

6. How to put on and remove hand gloves 7. First aid kits