g

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ISO Condition Operationg Principle Brayton Cycle Definition of Themodynamic Main parameters affecting gas turbine performance External Factors Internal Factors

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TEMPERATURE 59 F (15C) BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 14,7 psi (1013 mbar) RELATIVE HUMIDITY 60% INLET/EXHAUST PRESSURE DROP 0 mm H 2O

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IT DRAWS IN AIR FROM THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT IT COMPRESS IT TO HIGHER PRESSURE IT INCREASES THE ENERGY LEVEL OF THE COMPRESSED AIR BY ADDING AND BURNING FUEL IN A COMBUSTION CHAMBER IT DIRECTS HIGH PRESSURE, HIGH TEMPERATURE AIR TO THE TURBINE SECTION, WHICH CONVERTS THERMAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY THAT MAKES THE SHAFT REVOLVE; THIS SERVES, ON THE ONE HAND, TO SUPPLY USEFUL ENERGY TO THE DRIVEN MACHINE, COUPLED TO THE MACHINE BY MEANS OF A COUPLING AND, ON THE OTHER HAND, TO SUPPLY ENERGY NECESSARY FOR AIR COMPRESSION, WHICH TAKES PLACE IN A COMPRESSOR DIRECTLY WITH THE TURBINE SECTION IT EXHAUST LOW PRESSURE, LOW TEMPERATURE GASES RESULTING FROM THE ABOVEMENTIONED TRANSFORMATION INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.

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TURBINE
COMPRESSOR TEMPERATURE INLET EXHAUST COMBUSTION

PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE PRESSURE

ATMOSPHRIC LEVEL

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The thermodiynamic cycle of a gas turbine is known as the BRAYTON CYCLE. The following diagram is useful to understand the meaning of the thermodynamic cycle more easily.
FUEL
2

COMBUSTION

EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

AIR INLET

g
T

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3

2 4

P
2 3

S
2

FUEL COMBUSTION
3

EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

AIR INLET

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=10,5

963C
(1765F)

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

Wc HR Wt
3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

Nu

EXHAUST
4

Q1 Q2

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

AIR INLET

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3

Wc c pm (T2 T1 ) (T2 T1 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR

Kj
LOAD

kginlet _ air

AIR INLET

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

Wt c pm (T3 T4 ) (T3 T4 )
Mesured in
3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

Kj kg gas

AIR INLET

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

Q1 c pm (T3 T2 ) (T3 T2 )
Mesured in
3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

Kj kg gas

AIR INLET

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

Q2 c pm (T4 T1 ) (T4 T1 )
Mesured in
3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST
4

Kj kgehxaust_ gas

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

AIR INLET

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

(Q1 Q2 ) Q1
This equation tell us that, by parity of heat Q1, introduced into the combustion chamber by fuel, efficiency will increase as heat Q2 dissipated into the atmosphere decreases

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3

EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

AIR INLET

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

N u Gturbine _ gas inletWt GairWc

Mesured in
3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR

Kj

LOAD

AIR INLET

g
T
2 1

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3 4

S
4

Q1 HR Nu
EXHAUST
4

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

Heat Rate is the inverse of efficiency, in that it indicates the ratio between thermal energy, resulting from the combustion process, and mechanical energy, obtained on the power shaft.

AIR INLET

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In the Brayton Cycle are very important the following parameters:

T
2

FIRING TEMPERATURE PRESSURE RATIO

P2 P 1

T3
1

THERMAL EFFICIENCY SPECIFIC POWER Kw (kg ) s

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Section A refers the so called TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE, wich is the average temperature of gas at plane A. Section C refers to the so-called ISO FIRING TEMPERATURE, wich is the average gas temperature at plane C, calculated as a function of the air and fuel flow rates via a thermal balance of combustion according to the ISO 2314 procedure. The difference in the interpretation of temperatures in section A and B consists in the fact that the section B temperature takes account of mixing with 1st stage nozzle cooling air, wich was not involved in the combustion process, but mixes with burnt gases after cooling the surface of the nozzle. According to the NUOVO PIGNONE-GENERAL ELECTRIC standard, the temperature that best repreesents point (3) is the one in section B

T
2

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EFFICIENCY

COMPRESSION RATIO

SPECIFIC POWER (MW/kg/s)

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A Gas Turbine uses atmospheric air, therefore, its performance is greatly affected by all factors that influence the weigh flow rate of air delivered to the compressor. These factor are:

T
2

Temperature Pressure Relative humidity

In this regard we must remind that reference conditions for three above mentioned factors are, by convention ISO standards

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The internal factors are related to the auxiliary systems of the gas turbine. They are:
Pressure losses in the compressor inlet section Pressure losses in the turbine exhaust section Fuel type Air extraction from the axial compressor Water and Steam injection Evaporative cooling
1 4

T
2

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We can represent operation

of gas turbine by means

BRAYTON CYCLE

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Compression stroke and exhaust stroke in a gas turbine are simultaneous

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Area of BRAYTON Cycle represents ENERGY

Wc :WORK OF COMPRESSION

Nu : USEFUL WORK

Wt :WORK OF EXPANSION

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Area of BRAYTON Cycle represents ENERGY

Wt :WORK OF EXPANSION

Wc :WORK OF COMPRESSION

Nu : USEFUL WORK