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Stoichiometry

Quantitative relationships between reactants and products The balanced chemical equation gives us the relationships in moles Consider: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Three mole-to-mole conversion factors or mole ratios can be derived from balanced equation
Malone Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Stoichiometry
One mol of N2 produces 2 mol of NH3

One mol of N2 reacts with 3 mol of H2

Malone Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Stoichiometry
3 mol of H2 produces 2 mol of NH3

Inverse can also be used as a conversion factor

Malone Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Stoichiometry - Procedure
1. Write down what is given and what is requested in the problem 2. a.) if a mass is given, use the molar mass to convert mass to moles of what is given b.) if a number of molecules is given, use Avogadros number to convert to moles of what is given

Stoichiometry procedure
3. Using the correct mole ratio from the balanced equation, convert moles of what is given to moles of what is requested 4. a. If a mass is required, convert moles of what is requested to mass of what is requested b. If a number of molecules is requested, use Avogadros number to convert to numbers of molecules of what is requested 5. Procedure is summarized on next slide
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Example
How many moles of NH3 can be produced from 33.6 g of N2? Convert grams of N2 to mol of N2, then convert mol of N2 to mol of NH3

Limiting reactant
If specific amounts of each reactant are mixed, the reactant that produces the least amount of product is called the limiting reactant Think of hot dogs and buns hot dogs are sold in packs of ten hot dog buns are sold in packs of eight how many hot dog-bun combinations can you make with one pack of hot dogs and one pack of hot dog buns?

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Limiting reactant considerations


When reactants are mixed in exactly the mass ratio determined from the balanced equation, the mixture is said to be a stoichiometric mixture Example: 4.0 g H2 added to 32.0 g O2 will make 36.0 g H2O Other mass ratios require calculations to determine the limiting reactant

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Limiting reactant procedure


Convert amount of each reactant to the number of moles of product using mole ratios The limiting reactant is the one that produces the smallest amount of product

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Limiting reactant example


2 CH3OH(l) + 3 O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g) Mix 40.0 g of methanol with 46.0 g of O2, what is the mass of CO2 produced?
Methanol, CH3OH, has a molar mass of 32.00 g O2 has a molar mass of 32.00 g

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Process

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Percent yield
The actual yield is the amount of products obtained when the reaction is run The theoretical yield is the calculated amount of product that would be obtained if all of the limiting reactant was converted to a given product The percent yield is the actual yield in grams or moles divided by the theoretical yield in grams or moles times 100%

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Incomplete conversion
In some cases, a reverse reaction occurs whereby reactants are reformed from products This limits the percent of reactants that are converted to products Such reactions are known as reversible reactions The reaction between N2 and H2 to produce NH3 is a reaction which is reversible. This has severe consequences for the commercial production of ammonia

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Example calculation
N2 + 3H2 2NH3

4.70 g H2 react with an excess of N2. What mass of NH3 is formed theoretically?

12.5 g of NH3 is formed in a real-life experiment. What is the percent yield?

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