TOPIC: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS, CRYSTALLINE, POLY CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLID

Intrinsic Semiconductors

The term intrinsic is applied to any semiconductor material that has been carefully refined to reduce the number of impurities to a very low level. The free electrons in a material due to only external causes are referred to as intrinsic carriers. Table in the next slide compares the number of intrinsic carriers per cubic centimeter for Ge, Si, and GaAs. It is interesting to note that Ge has the highest number of carriers and GaAs the lowest.

Intrinsic Carriers
Semiconductor Intrinsic carriers/cm3

GaAs

1.7 X 106 1.5 X 1010

Si

Ge

2.5 X 1013

Extrinsic Semiconductors

A semiconductor material that has been subjected to the doping process is called an extrinsic material. Type of materials
n-type
p-type

Diffused impurities with five valence electrons are called donor atoms. Diffused impurities with three valence electrons are called acceptor atoms.

N-Type Doping

An N-type material is created by introducing impurity elements that have five valence electrons or pentavalent and produce a free electron. Such as antimony , arsenic and phosphorus The effect of such impurity is indicated by given figure.

P-Type Doping

An P-type material is created by introducing impurity elements that have three valence electron or trivalent and produce a hole. Such as boron and gallium. The effect of such impurity is indicated by given figure.

Types of Solids
There are three types of solids

Crystalline solids Poly crystalline solids Amorphous solids

Crystalline Solid

A Crystalline solid is a single crystal has atoms in a near-perfect periodic arrangement.

Crystalline solids have the following fundamentals properties. They have characteristic geometrical shape. They have highly ordered three-dimensional arrangements of particles. They have sharp melting and boiling points. Examples: Copper Sulphate (CuSO4), Graphite, NaCl, Sugar etc.

Polycrystalline Solid

Definition: Polycrystalline materials are solids that are composed of many crystallites of varying size and orientation. Examples: Almost all common metals, and many ceramics are polycrystalline.

Polycrystalline solids have the following fundamental properties: Thermal conductivity : The thermal conductivity of polycrystalline solids is very high. Hardness: Polycrystalline solids are very hard. Diamond is the hardest material known.

Amorphous Solid
An amorphous solid (such as glass) has no periodic arrangement even microscopically.

Amorphous solids have the following fundamentals properties. In these solids particles are randomly arranged in three dimension. They dont have sharp melting points. Amorphous solids melt over a wide range of temperature Examples: Coal, Coke, Glass, Plastic, rubber etc.

THANK YOU