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Insulation Co-ordination
Insulation coordination : The correlation of the insulation of electrical equipment with the characteristics of protective devices such that the insulation is protected from excessive overvoltages. Conventional approach: Protection margin must be sufficient Statistical approach: - Overvoltage distribution: the stress - Insulation breakdown probability: the strength.
Statistical Approach
Table 6.1: Typical magnitudes and durations of overvoltages Magnitude (p.u.) Temporary (50 Hz) Switching overvoltage Lightning overvoltage 1.5 4.0 6.5 Duration 50 s 10 ms 100 s
- V0 > E : - Voltage increases at end of line - Remedy: Series capacitors or shunt reactor compensation
VL
E
I
L (transformer) C (cable) Vo
VL Vo= E - VL
Earth faults: effect of neutral earthing Sound phase voltages to earth depend on neutral earthing impedance, ZN
A B C N ZN E F C B
ZN=0 ZN ZN =
N A
Switching Overvoltages
Fault clearing Transformer magnetising current Capacitance switching Energizing of unloaded transmission lines, Travelling waves.
V cb
I E C
Vm I
Vcb
Im
Lightning
The Nature of Lightning - Charge separation in clouds - Downward leader develops from cloud - Leader is invisible, zigzags, 100 A - Positive leaders form from sharp points on earth. - Final discharge, 20 100 kA
Moves in 30 m steps, zigzags Current approx. 100 A Not visible to naked eye Induces positive charge on projecting objects Final discharge , return stroke, typically 50 kA.
Lightning Protection
Rolling sphere concept Striking distance 40 130 m Ground Flash Density Shielding Angle Overhead ground wire to intercept leader Importance of Grounding Impedance Attractive radius: RA= 0.84 I0.74 h0.6 RA = 14 h 0.6 (for I =35 kA)
mast
r
building
Lightning Protection
"
Leader
Lightning Over-voltages
Direct Stroke V = I Zc /2 Zc= (L/C) L henry/m C farad/m Typically: Zc= 350 ohm
i i/2 i/2
Lightning Overvoltages
+
-
Lightning Overvoltages
The current flowing through the earthing impedance raises the tower potential to cause a flashover from the tower to the phase conductor Importance of a low tower footing resistance.
V = Ri +Ldi/dt (high)
V: medium voltage
L i
back flashover
earthed tower
V=0
Insulation Coordination
Correlation of the insulation strength of electrical equipment with the characteristics of protective devices such that the insulation is protected from excessive overvoltages 50 % Impulse flashover Voltage Time to flashover (on front/ tail, withstand)
Overvoltage Protection
Rod and horn gaps: Flash over with overvoltage - Fault current flows - Outage- Poor protection for short , high impulses Silicon carbide gapped lightning arresters: Nonlinear resistor in series with gap - gap flashes over - current and voltage limited by resistor - power arc goes out at current zero magnetic blow out coils.
Overvoltage Protection
Gapless ZnO arresters: High resistance below knee point - no gap required. Well defined knee point Suitable to protect transformers against steep pulses. Placing of Arrestors: As close to protected apparatus as possible.
Impulse Tests
The purpose is to generate a voltage impulse to simulate a ligtning overvoltage Typical standard 1,2/ 50s wave. Typical circuit to generate impulse Capacitor C1 charged and discharges when spark gap G flashes over.
Rs HV DC Supply
100 %
Voltage
50 %
T1 T2
Time Time
R1
C1 R2
C2
Test object
In impulse testing each test produces a single impulse that can result in either a flashover or a withstand. In order to quantify the flashover voltage a number (say 10) tests are done at each voltage level in order to obtain the 50% (probability) flashover voltage. The withstand level is defined as that voltage where only 3 flashovers occur during a series of 15 consecutive impulses.
no flashover
time
100 %
50 %
Conclusion
Insulation Coordination encompasses all aspects of the power system and attempts to ensure uninterrupted supply of power under the worst overvoltage and environmental conditions. Surge arresters play an important role in reaching this goal.