Support system in humans and animals is called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM

ENDOSKELETON

3 types of skeletal systems

EXOSKELETON

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

ENDOSKELETON Inner Frame Refers to bones or cartilage that is inside the body of vertebrates.

EXOSKELETON Outer Frame Consists of one layer of hard skin derived from substances like calcium carbonate

HYDROSTATTIC SKELETON Formed from fluid pressure in space that is enveloped by a muscular system.

Support body weight

Maintain body shape

Provide place for muscles in body to attach themselves

Protects soft organs inside body

Enable limbs to move

Support body weight

Maintain body shape

Provide surface for muscles to attach themselves

Protects soft tissues from damage

Allow movement

Endoskeleton in humans consists of 206 bones

Backbone mainly supported by Pelvic Girdle

Pelvic Girdle : strongest bone in human body

ANIMALS

Vertebrates

Invertebrates

Land

Aquatic

Exoskeleton

Hydrostatic Skeletal

Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton. Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that of the aquatic animal vertebrate system.

Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles to support their body weight
Four-legged animals : Backbone either curve upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to withstand any heavy load acting on the animal.

Pectoral Girdle

Pelvic Girdle

Birds : Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is lighter. Advantages of hollow bones :
Lighter Requires less calcium and phosphorous for its formation.

Examples : Whales, dolphins Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than land vertebrates. Pectoral and pelvic support that is smaller and lighter.
Most of body weight is supported by buoyancy of the water.

The buoyancy of the water allows the size of the aquatic vertebrate animals to be bigger that land vertebrate animals.

ENDOSKELETON

SIMILARITIES
PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE VERTEBRATE BONES ARE FLEXIBLE

SUPPORT IN LAND VERTEBRATES

Pectoral and pelvic girdle support the body weight

DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT

SUPPORT IN AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

Water buoyancy supports the body weight

Big and strong

SKELETON PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE

Small and weak Small

Big

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Its body is supported by : External skeletal system (exoskeleton) Body fluids (hydrostatic skeletons)

Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or shell. Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin : Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions. Examples of invertebrates with hard shell : Snails, mussels

For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle. Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water) Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.

Leeches, worms and octopus do not have exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft. Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic skeleton system) as support system.

The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.

EXOSKELETON

SIMILARITIES

BODY FLUID

SUPPORT IN LAND INVERTEBRATES

Soft bodies with external shells
Hard and made of chitin, for example, insects.

DIFFERENCES

SUPPORT IN AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

Water buoyancy
Hard and made of calcium carbonate, for example, crabs.

SUPPORT

SKELETON

Support system of plants are different based on the type of plant.

PLANTS

Land

Aquatic

Woody

Non-woody (herbaceous)

Examples: rubber tree, durian tree, rambutan tree, and teak tree. Supported by woody tissues. Woody tissues dense, hard on tree trunk. - made up of xylem tissues. Most of the woody plants are tall.

Also supported by special structures :

Buttress roots Clasping roots

Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees, and yellow flame trees. Occurs at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the soil.

Examples : money plant, certain wild orchid. Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support.

Examples: roses, bougainvillea. Supported by turgid cells.

Water is absorbed by the cells

Pressure is exerted on the cell walls

Stem being turgid

Also supported by special structures :

Thorns Tendrils Prop Roots (Adventitious Roots)

SUPPORT IN HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Pectoral and pelvic girdle support the body weight

DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT

SUPPORT IN WOODY PLANTS

Water buoyancy supports the body weight

Big and strong

SKELETON PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE

Small and weak Small

Big

Examples: yam, water lily and lotus. Supported by water buoyancy. Have soft stems that have air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface. Aquatic plants that live in the water have fine leaves.