Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CLASSIFICATION OF FUEL
FUEL
SOLID LIQUID GAS
NATURAL
NATURAL
NATURAL
EFFECT OF MOISTURE
1 % increase in moisture will reduce gross CV by about 1 %.
Heat is also lost due to evaporation and superheating of moisture in coal during combustion. 1% moisture in the coal reduces the efficiency of boiler by 0.15%. The wet coal reduces generation, results in increase in the secondary fuel ( fuel oil ) consumption and the auxiliary consumption. Reduction in unloading and feeding rate.
Due to wet coal, furnace temperature reduces. The low flue gas exit temperature can cause corrosion problems in the second pass of the boiler. Increase in freight cost.
1 % increase in moisture in coal increases the coal consumption by about 1.23 %. 1 % increase in moisture in coal will reduce useful heat value by 138 Kcal / Kg.
(B). ASH AND MINERAL MATTERS The mineral matter does not contribute to the calorific value of coal. On the contrary it creates many difficulties in the efficient utilization of coal. The mineral matter of Indian coals are calculated by using the simplified formula. Mineral matter = 1.1 A the coal. ) ( A = % of ash content in
Fouling of heat transfer surface like Super heater, Reheater, Economiser, Air preheater. Amount of unburnt carbon loss increases.
Quantity of ash to be disposed off increases , water consumption also increases. The size of ash handling equipments.
Frequency of soot blowing increases - increases secondary fuel consumption. Increase in Alpha quartz content in ash increases the erosion in the boiler and gas path.
The coal having high ash contents also results in reduction of effective volatile content. Burning of low V.M. coal Poor flame stability fuel oil support required Increase in consumption of secondary fuel oil Chances of unit tripping on flame failure
CALORIFIC VALUE
The calorific value
is total heat produced when a unit mass of fuel is completely burnt with pure oxygen. The unit of CV is Kcal / Kg.
calorimeter.
Hu exceeding 5600 Kcal/Kg but not exceeding 6200 Kcal/Kg. HU exceeding 4940 kcal/Kg. But not exceeding 5600 Kcal/Kg. HU exceeding 4200 Kcal/Kg but not exceeding 4940 Kcal/Kg.
C D
E
F G
SPONTANIOUS COMBUSTION
EFFECTING FACTORS Moisture, porosity, ambient temp, height of coal heap. PREVENTION
If we look into coal map of India, We can find the country. The fields are as follows :
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Jharia.
Giridih, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Karanpura, daltonganj, Hutar. Singarauli, Bisrampur, Lakhanpur, Korba, IB River and Talcher. Chirimiri, sohangur, Zohila river, Umaria, Pench Kanhan.
7.
8.
INDIGENOUS COAL
Different collieries Distance from collieries. 1215 Kms to 1350 Kms. Range of CV( 4500 to 6600 Kcal /Kg. , coal grade and type ( STM, SLK, ROM) Contents ( C 45 to 55 %, VM 20 to 25 %, MC 1 to 10 % , Ash 25 to 30 %) Foreign material
A. B. C. D. E.
F.
COST OF INDIGENOUS COAL Basic cost Ranges from Rs. 873 to Rs.1250 according to the grade. Royalty per tonne of coal gradewise Goes to State Govn. Excise duty Rs. 3.5 per tonne of coal Total of A,B,C + 4 % S.T. D + Surface transportation depending on colliery + Freight + siding charges + mis. Crushing charges ( For some of collieries) Total cost of coal = @ Rs. 2600 per tonne considering loss.
IMPORTED COAL
Coal from S.A. , Indonesia. Loading points Navlakhi and Magdalla. Contents
MC 7 to 10 % ASH 0.8 to 1.0 % VM 40 to 43 % FC 46 to 49 %
GCV 6200 to 6500 Kcal/ Kg., NCV 5000 to 5200 Kcal / kg.). % of total receipt
RECEIPT OF COAL BY RAKE Rake No. of rakes per month. Quantity per rake. Consumption per day RECEIPT OF COAL BY TRUCK PROCESS AFTER RECEIPT OF COAL RAKE. Receipt of rake Dn load. Arrival time and release time Shunting work for stabling the wagons Sampling of coal Shunting work for wagon unloading Weighment Unloading on tippler or manual Shunting work of empty wagons Formation of empty wagons rake up load formation
DEMURRAGE
Rates for the demurrage on coal rake. Demurrage = Rate * tonne of coal recd * dem hrs. Demurrage per rake . Rupees. Average demurrage hours per month. Reasons for demurrage --- Successive receipt of rake, S. det, Outlet constraint, Plant problem, w & s. coal, Oversized coal,
LOCOMOTI VE No. 2 3 4 5 6 7
MAKE
H.P.
YEAR OF MANUFAC TURE April 1963 July 1965 Sept. 1981 Sept. 1984 April 1990 May 1997
DOZER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MAKE
MODEL
H.P.
YEAR OF MANUFACT URE Nov. 2000 Sept. 1978 June 1980 May 1983 May 1986 Sept. 1988 Oct. 1993 Jan. 1999