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STONE TOOLS
DIMENSION STONES
Dimension
stone
can
be
defined
as
natural
rock
material
surface
Durability
finish
of
the
stone
based
are
on
also
normal
requirements.
and
(essentially
mineral
composition
hardness and past performance), strength, and the ability of the stone to take a polish are other important selection criteria. method of finishing a stone, and the type of finish applied (Stone World, 2001, p. 106-139).
MARBLE
The term marble is derived from the Latin word MURMUR which itself came from Greek root Marmorous meaning Shining Stone. Murmur in Persian means White and Sang means stone hence
Sange-murmur
Geological definition: A metamorphosed limestone produced by recrystallisation under condition of thermal and also regional metamorphism. In commercial parlance almost any rock which can take polish easily more especially unmetamorphosed lime stones are termed as marble.
Marble definition (USGS):Commercial marble includes metamorphosed lime stones and serpentine rocks, all of which are capable of taking a polish. An important member of this classification is serpentine marble, which is also known as Verde antique, and comprises green-to-black serpentine, which is a hydrous magnesium silicate mineral that is crisscrossed by veins of lighter minerals, such as calcite or dolomite.
TYPES OF MARBLE
. True marbles (recrystallised metamorphic limestone, calciferous and cipolin (siliceous marbles)
Limestone dolomite and polishable calcareous breccia Travertine deposited from water solutions
Onyx
Calcareous alabaster Serpentines Ophicalcite (serpentine limestones) Verde-antique (massive serpentine with crossed vein lets of other minerals like calcite/dolomite)
BIS : 1130-1969 (reaffirmed in October 1998) for marble blocks, slabs and tiles to be utilised as dimension stone has classified marbles into 25 different categories comprising 7 categories under a broad group of white marbles and 18 categories under a group of coloured marbles , 8 new varieties are also in the trade
1) Yellow marble of Jaisalmer 2) Pista marble (amphibolite variety) of Andhi-Jhiri belt, Jaipur, Alwar and Dausa districts, Rajasthan 3) Brown green and golden ultramafics of Dunkar, Churu district, Rajasthan 4) Chocolate-brown and English teak wood marble of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan 5) Parrot green marble of Jhilo in Sikar district, Rajasthan 6) Chocolate-brown or wood finish marble of Mandaldeh, Chittaurgarh district, Rajasthan 7) Purple marble of Tripura Sundari in Banswara district, Rajasthan 8) Blue marble of Desuri in Pali district, Rajasthan
Group C Marbles with some variation in working qualities, geological flaws, voids, veins and lines of separation are common. It is standard practice to repair these variations by one or more of several methods - wasting, sticking, filling or cementing. Liners and other forms of reinforcement are used when necessary.
Group D Marbles similar to Group C but containing a larger proportion of natural faults such as cracks, voids, discolouration, maximum variations in working qualities and requiring more of the same methods of finishing. This group comprises many of the highly coloured marbles significant for their decorative values. The soundness classifications merely indicate what method and amount of repair and fabrication is necessary prior or during installation, as based on standard trade practices.
Resources of Marble
Geological distribution:
Dharwar System: The marble belonging to Dharwar System is mostly distributed in Aravali and Raialo Series of Rajasthan, Champaner Series of Gujarat, Sakoli Series of Madhya Pradesh and Chilpi Series of Maharashtra. Cuddapah and Delhi Systems Marble deposits of Cuddapah System are located in the Papaghani Series of Andhra Pradesh, Bijawar series of Madhya Pradesh and Kaladgi Series of Karnataka. Delhi System marbles are located in Alwar Series and Ajabgarh Series of Rajasthan. Marbles of Ajabgarh Series are exposed around Jaipur Bharatpur, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Mewar, Udaipur and Sirohi areas of Rajasthan; Danta and Palanpur area of Gujarat; and Narnaul area of Haryana. Vindhyan System It is mostly found in Morena district of Madhya Pradesh, and Guntur & Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh. Bhima Series are developed in Bijapur and Gulburga districts of Karnataka. Marble belonging to Vindhyan System is of creamy, grey, bluish and buff in colours and is capable of taking a good polish. Jurassic System Fossiliferous limestones of Jurassic System occurring in Jaisalmer and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan take very good polish. Cretaceous System Coraline limestone belonging to Bagh Beds of Upper Cretaceous age furnish a very handsome marble capable of taking a good polish and are located at Kherwan, Chirakhan and Bowarle in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.
Geographical Distribution
Andhra Pradesh: Khamam,Cuddapah,Nellore districts Gujarat : Ambuja Marble deposit, Banakantha dist, Ambaji, Jarivav, Kumbheri,
Kateshwar,Bharaj, districts Khikla etc. Chhuchupura Marble deposit in Vadodra
Haryana : Antri Beharipur, Zainpur, Chappra-Bibipur, Nangal durg, Islampur and DhanotaDhancoli in Mahendergarh districts.
Jammu & Kashmir : Doda and Kupwada districts. Maharashtra: Near villages Katta-Hiwara, Kadbikhera, Sakaritola, Pauni, Chorbaoli,Deolapar,
Mansar, Kandri, Chargaon, Junewani, etc. in Nagpur district.
Madhya Pradesh : Katni, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Harda, Sidhi and Jhabua districts. Rajasthan:20Districts : Ajmer,Alwar,Banswara,Bhilwara,Bundi,Chittorgarh,Churu, Dausa,Dungarpur,Jaipur,Jaisalmer,Jalore,Jodhpur,Nagaur,Pali,Rajsamand, Sikar,Udaipur
Grade
Total White colour Off colour Unclassified Not known
Reserve
4700 373 108 0 4219
Resources
178938 8193 677435 1080531 21779
Total
1792638 8566 677543 1080531 25998
Maharashtra Rajasthan
Sikkim Uttarakhand
324 2184
0 0
57723 1118058
2382 6000
58047 1122435
2382 6000
Uttarakhand 0.33%
Sikkim 0.13%
Haryana 1.25%
Rajasthan 62.61%
J&K 22.58%
Maharashtra 3.24%
Sikkim
Uttarakhand
2
6
Nil
Nil
Production
Blocks Khandas Luffers Slabs Tiles Karezy Artefacts Statues Garden Furniture Lattices
Value Rs.Million
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
YEAR
2004-05
2005-06
Production
State-wise Value of production
(Value: Rs.000) State Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Orissa Rajasthan 2001-02 1435 2002-03 448 2003-04 373 2004-05 659 2005-06 695
315612 15634
294576 97278
287242 177106
312587 244845
210 4092393
362 5141838
415 4978112
415 5221400
415 11916345
Rajasthan 94.182%
CONVENTIONAL MINING
Mining of marble
marble mines are semi-mechanised and few are fully mechanised preferred mining method is 'Bench-Quarrying' mining machineries like line drillers, chain saws, belt saws, diamond wire saw cutters, derrick cranes, loaders and tippers are used ultimate product in marble mining is parallelepiped regular blocks, luffers and khandas Fully mechanised mines recover about 35% regular blocks, 30% luffers and 30% khandas
Not practiced in India. Italy is fore runner owing to its Geology. Adopted where open pit mining is unfriendly to Environment.
Overburden is difficult or un-economic to move. Overburden is entirely non-productive. Rock quality is sound to sustain load. The quality and Quantity of marble is proved by
drilling.
Disadvantages
Processing of marble
DIRECT SALES MONUMENTS ARTEFACTS ORNAMENTAL EXPORTS LOCAL SALES MUSEUMS HOTELS PERSONAL
FLOORING CLADDING
VANITIES FACADE
MOSAIC SKIRTING
Inlay Work
Inlay Work
Inlay Work
Inlay Work
Decorative sofa
TRADE
Major Imports Italy Sri Lanka Turkey Egypt Oman Vietnam Iran
Exports of Marble by type (Dressed & Others) (Quantity : in 000 t) ; (Value: in Rs. Million)
Dressed Others Year Quan Value PerUnit Quan Value PerUnit tity Value tity Value 2001-02 157 1716 13 125 9.62 10.92 2002-03 239 1748 14 146 10.43 7.31 2003-04 175 1875 59 392 6.64 10.71 2004-05 202 1728 40 502 12.55 8.55 2005-06 198 1611 61 883 14.48 8.14
Year
Produ ction
Export
2001-02 4425 2002-03 5535 2003-04 5443 2004-05 5780 2005-06 12652
Balance Imports Total A B consumption A+B 2584 922 3506 3641 1476 5117 3060 1713 4773 3550 2564 6114 10158 3410 13568
y = 2112.1x + 279.3
14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Series 1 DEMAND OF MARBLE
20112012
POLICY
Marble, and other stones are minor minerals, as per the definition contained under Section 3 (e) of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
Group on Marble Development Subgroup- 'Building up a Database on Marble' Subgroup- 'Examining Mechanisation in Marble Quarries' both the Subgroups had submitted the reports. Marble Development and Conservation Rules (MDCR), 2002 framed for conservation and systematic development and scientific mining of marble throughout the country As per the export-import policy announced for the years 2004-09; the imports of Marble (excluding alabaster) under heading 2515 and Marble & other items under code no. 25174100 and 25174900 are restricted.
SWOT MATRIX
STRENGTH
Huge deposits
WEAKNESS
Low quality awareness in customers Poor quality consciousness in manufacturers Absence of a training mechanism for the stone industry and a resultant shortage of skilled and trained workforce Lack of scientific exploitation techniques in quarries Poor polishing and finishing techniques Poor segregation, sorting and gradation Improper packaging practices Inability to stick to a strict delivery schedule Improper installation techniques. Lack of promotion of new deposit areas Dumping of stones abroad at low prices Lack of Value addition for the export market Absence of long-term and a rational policies Absence of sales tax initiatives to the stone craft industry Lack of understanding about the need for testing of stones Lack of testing facilities in Northern India Unorganised Lack of education and training facilities Lack of global outlook Presence of unscrupulous exporters
OPPORTUNITIES
Increasing awareness amongst Architects Unexplored potential for exports growth An expanding world market An increased trend towards exports of finished goods Globalisation and liberalization Strategic location with sea links to all the major continents Export Demand for stone handicrafts Export potential of sandstone and slates
THREATS
Opening up of import regulations Competition from ceramic products Import restriction in Europe without proper test certifications Widespread environmental degradation Closure due to unscientific exploitation
Rescession due to over production Competition from China, South Africa, South Korea, Brazil, Turkey, South Korea etc. Group promotion strategies of competitor countries Dropping prices of Indian stones in the International market Lack of monopolistic and consortium approach