Marketing 334 Consumer Behavior

Chapter 2 Cross-Cultural Variations

From: Consumer Behavior, 10th edition by Hawkins, Mothersbaugh and Best

Marketing Across Cultural Boundaries is a Difficult and Challenging Task

The Concept of Culture

Culture is the complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society.

The Concept of Culture

Although pizza is eaten most everywhere, what is on the pizza can be quite different!
Pepperoni Tuna & Corn

Squid

Black Bean Sauce Eggs

BBQ Chicken

The Concept of Culture

Cultural values give rise to norms and associated sanctions, which in turn influence consumption patterns. Cultures are not static. They typically evolve and change slowly over time.

Variations in Cultural Values

The numerous values that differ across cultures and affect consumption include:
Other-Oriented Values Environment-Oriented Values

Self-Oriented Values

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Variations in Cultural Values

Other-Oriented Values
Individual/Collective Youth/Age Extended/Limited Family Masculine/Feminine Competitive/Cooperative Diversity/Uniformity

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Variations in Cultural Values

Environment-Oriented Values
Cleanliness Performance/Status Tradition/Change Risk taking/Security Problem solving/Fatalistic Nature

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Variations in Cultural Values

Self-Oriented Values
Active/Passive Sensual gratification/Abstinence Material/Nonmaterial Hard work/Leisure Postponed gratification/Immediate gratification Religious/Secular

Applications in Consumer Behavior

Sensual Gratification/Abstinence Ad for Calvin Klein underwear: OK in U.S. and France. Not appropriate in cultures that place a high value on abstinence.

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications Time

The meaning of time varies between cultures in two major ways:

Time perspective

Time Interpretations

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications Space

Overall use and meanings assigned to space vary widely among different cultures

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications Symbols

Colors, animals, shapes, numbers, and music have varying meanings across cultures. Failure to recognize the meaning assigned to a symbol can cause serious problems!

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications Relationships

How quickly and easily do cultures form relationships and make friends?

Americans tend to form relationships and friends quickly and easily. Chinese relationships are much more complex and characterized by guanxi.

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications Agreements

How does a culture ensure business obligations are honored? How are disagreements resolved? Some cultures rely on a legal system; others rely on relationships, friendships, etc.

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications Things

The cultural meaning of things leads to purchase patterns that one would not otherwise predict. The differing meanings that cultures attach to things, including products, make gift-giving a particularly difficult task.

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications Etiquette

The generally accepted ways of behaving in social situations. Behaviors considered rude or obnoxious in one culture may be quite acceptable in another! Normal voice tone, pitch, and speed of speech differ between cultures and languages, as do the use of gestures.

Global Cultures

A Global Teenage Culture?

Mass media and the Internet have had an impact of uniformity among teens around the world. They tend to watch many of the same shows, see the same movies and videos, listen to the same music, and they tend to dress alike.

Global Demographics
Demographics describe a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution.

Demographics are both a result and a cause of cultural values.

Disposable income is one aspect of demographics.

Cross-Cultural Marketing Strategy

Considerations in Approaching a Foreign Market

1.

Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous with Respect to Culture?

2. What Needs Can the Product Fill in this Culture? 3. Can Enough People Afford the Product?

4. What Values are Relevant to the Purchase and Use of the Product?
5. What are the Distribution, Political and Legal Structures for the Product?

6. In What Ways Can We Communicate About the Product?

7. What are the Ethical Implications of Marketing This Product in This Country?