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Lec-1a

Introductory Lec

Antenna

An antenna or aerial is a device for radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves. There is little fundamental difference between transmitting and receiving antennas since very often same antenna is used for both purpose as in radar. Antennas are also defined as a metallic device (as a rod or wire for radiating or receiving radio waves)

Antenna
Since antennas play a very important part in a comm systems, it is essential to have thorough understanding of the principles on which they perform their task efficiently. In the past ants have been treated somewhat differently from the sys in which they are used. But in recent years ants are designed alongside the system. This is because it is essential to know the system performance as a whole rather than that of the antenna alone.

Movement of Charge

Movement of electrons in bands

1/1

Absorption/release of packet of energy

Movement of energy across conductor


Flow of current
2/1

Flow of Current LF (DC)

Flow of current analogous to flow of water

3/1

Flow of energy for dc vis a viz diameter of


conductor
4/1

For LF flow through centre of conductor No skin effect for dc

5/1

Flow of Current HF (AC)

Skin effect for HF-No current through centre of conductor


6/1 7/1

Higher the freq more pronounced skin effect For LF flow through Centre of conductor

Hollow conductors for HF

8/1 1/2 2/2

Shortening of lines of force at HF-Ends of field More thickness of skin for high energy carriage Lesser skin effect for LF

Insufficient conductor thickness -Standing waves

3/2

Impedance Matching- Max Power Transfer

For max power transfer load impedance should be matched to line impedance
4/2

Any mismatch results into reflection of energy Example


5/2 1/4

In either of cases lesser power transferred


Reactance nullified-Conjugate matching Antenna as load
4/4 5/4 2/4

If not nullified-Reflection/Temperature rise Complete matching not possible Use of antenna tuners
6/4

3/4

Power
Three Types
Apparent
Simple voltage current relationship VI VI Cos Max value when not used Decays on use Used for consumption VI Sin Min when not used-vice versa Used for storage Real Power Apparent Power = VI Cos = Cos VI
7/4

Real/True

Reactive

Power Factor
Power factor (PF) =

PF = Cos

Inductor

Resists instantaneous changes in I


direction

1/5

Applied voltage & Induced voltage in opposite


2/5 3/5

E/H fields tangent to each other Magnetic lines end where they start All loads are inductive load Voltage current relationship- Inductor

4/5

5/5

Voltage current relationship-Capacitor


Formulation of overall flux1

6/5 2/6

Transmission Line Parameters

Distributed Parameters
Parameters R, L C distributed along the line

2/6

Lump
Equivalent represented in a circuit

Characteristic Impedance
All three represented by a single impedance Z

End

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