Vasu Krishna Civil-III year 1010930042

Irrigation Structures

 Earthen dams are the most ancient type of

embankments as they can be built with natural materials with a minimum of processing and primitive equipment. Gravity dams and Arch dams require sound rock foundations but earthen dams can be easily constructed on earth foundations

Irrigation Structures

 Homogenous Embankment-: made of homogenous

material throughout but not much stable Zoned Embankment-: It has central impervious core followed by outer pervious core Diaphragm Type-: It has thin impervious core made of concrete,steel surrounded by earth fill.

Irrigation Structures

Homogenous

Diaphragm

Zoned

Irrigation Structures

 The embankment is constructed by placing thin layer

of soil (15 to 30 cm). They are compacted with rollers. The soil is brought to the site nearby areas and spread by bulldozers. Ordinary road rollers can be used for low embankments while power operated rollers are used for dams

Irrigation Structures

 Soil/earth should be of low permeability

Sufficient spillway should be provided

Sufficient free-board should be provided for wave

action,earthquake motion etc Proper Environment Impact Assessment report should be made. Downstream of the impervious core should be provided with horizontal filter drain

Irrigation Structures

 The upstream & downstream slopes should be

designed so as to stable under worst case of loading Slope should be flat enough so as to provide sufficient base at foundation such that max.shear stress developed remains below corresponding max.shear strength of soil

Irrigation Structures

 Free board ( U.S.B.R recommendation)

Spillway type Height of dam Min.free board

Uncontrolled

Any height

Between 2m to 3m

Controlled

Less than 60m

2.5 m above top of gates

Controlled

More than 60m

3m above top of gates

Irrigation Structures

 Width-:

W= (H/3)+3 for very low dams W= (0.55H+0.2H) for dams lower than 30m W= 1.65(H+1.5) for dams higher than 30m
Where H is the height of the dam

Irrigation Structures

Type of material Homogenous well graded Homogenous course silt Homogenous silt clay Sand with central clay core Sand with R.C diaphragm

U/S slope 2.5:1 3:1 2.5:1 3:1 2.5:1

D/S slope 2:1 2.5:1 2:1 2.5:1 2:1

Irrigation Structures

 Characterstics lying between Gravity Dam and

Earthen dam They are less flexible than earthen dams and more flexible than gravity dams Their foundation are not as much rigid as Gravity dam But foundation requirement are more rigid than earthen dams Ex-: Tehri Dam (260.5m)

Irrigation Structures

Irrigation Structures