HALLUCINOGENS

Maria Angelica Duque Geneizzel Gotuato

Trade Names
PCP (phencyclidine) angel dust, elephant, hog KETAMINE Cat valium, K, Special K, Vitamin K LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)acid, blotter, cid, boomers Ecstasy, Euphoria, X, XTC, Adam

Trade Names
PSILOCYBIN magic mushrooms, shrooms 2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphe nethylamine) orDOB Nexus, bromo, toonies, herox DXM(Dextromethorphan) Dex, Robo, Skittles, Triple C, Tussin

Hallucinogens
are psychoactive drugs that produce altered perceptions or

ways of thinking and feeling when

taken. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>

Hallucinogens
are capable of producing mood changes, frequently of a bizarre character; disturbances of sensation, thought, emotion, and self-awareness; alteration of time and space perception; and both illusions and delusions.

Illusions and Delusions

1. Illusion pertains to unreal vision. Delusion can be said to be a false belief. 2. Illusion can be said to be one that fools the mind and delusion is something one perceives to be truth even after other contradict it. 3. Illusion pertains to the mind and delusion pertains to belief 4. Illusion can be termed as perceptual

Illusions

Delusions

Common Types of Hallucinogens

Dissociati ves

Psychede lics

Deliriants

Dissociative Hallucinogen
distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment - dissociation - from the environment and self.

Dissociative Hallucinogen
Many dissociatives have general depressant effects and can produce sedation, respiratory depression, analgesia, anesthesia, and ataxia, as well as cognitive and memory impairment and amnesia.

Dissociative Hallucinogen
Example Ketamine PCP (Phencyclidine)

Dissociative Hallucinogen Effects

"... a peculiar anaesthetic state in which marked sensory loss and analgesia as well as amnesia is not accompanied by actual loss of consciousness. - Bonta

Dissociative Hallucinogen

Dissociative Hallucinogen

Common Types of Hallucinogens

Dissociati ves

Psychede lics

Deliriants

Psychedelic Hallucinogens
substance is a psychoactive drug whose primary action is to alter cognition and perception

Psychedelic Hallucinogens
Psychedelic experience sensory perceptions become especially brilliant and intense. The emotional effects are even more profound than the perceptual ones >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Common Types of Hallucinogens

Dissociati ves

Psychede lics

Deliriants

Deliriant Hallucinogens
Unlike the two aforementioned types of hallucinogens, deliriants are actual hallucinogens in that they produce completely false perceptions that aren't based in reality

Deliriant Hallucinogens
Classes of Deliriants Anticholinergics
Tropanes: Disubstituted glycolic acid esters:

Antihistamines
cyclizine dimenhydrinate

Deliriant Hallucinogens
Effects stupor, confusion, confabulation, and regression to "phantom" behaviors such as disrobing, holding full conversations with imagined people, finishing a complex, multi-stage action (such as getting dressed) and then suddenly discovering one had not even begun yet, and being unable to recognize one's own reflection in

Deliriant Hallucinogens
Delirium
Delirium involves a quick change between mental states (for example, from lethargy to agitation and back to lethargy).

Disrupted or wandering attention

Inability to think or behave with purpose Problems concentrating

Disorganized thinking
Speech that doesn't make sense (incoherent) Inability to stop speech patterns or behaviors

Common Types of Hallucinogens

Dissociati ves

Psychede lics

Deliriants

Other Types 1. Serotonergic hallucinogens

chem similar to serotonin 2. Methylated amphetamines chem similar to norepinephrine...alterations in mood without much change in senses 3. Anticholinergic - (Ach) found in plants: belladonna, mandrake, jimson weed trance or dream-like states 4. Dissociative anesthetics can remain conscious in surgery; causes euphoria, numbness, aggressive behavior, and tactile sense disturbances

Serotonergic Hallucinogens
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Ergot fungus Psilocybin (mushrooms) mushrooms Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Virola trees Mescaline Peyote cactus Harmaline, Harmine Ayahuasca vine Ergine, Isoergine morning glory Lysergic Acid Amide morning glory

Morning Glory (Ipomoea tricolor)

Peyote Cactus

Psilocybin Mushroom

Acetylcholinergic Hallucinogens
Atropine Scopolamine herbane Hyoscyamine herbane Ibogaine belladonna plant roots of mandrake, roots of mandrake, Iboga plant

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

It was discovered in 1938 and is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. It is not considered an addictive drug since it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior. Users refer to their experience as a trip and to acute adverse reactions as a bad trip. These experiences are long and typically begin to clear after about 12 hours.

LSD Physical Effects

LSD Types of Agents Physiological effects: - Massive increase in neural activity in some brain regions - Activates sympathetic nervous system (rise in body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure) - Parasympathetic nervous system (increase in salivation and nausea)

 LSD was discovered in 1938 by Sandoz laboratories Swiss chemist named Albert Hoffman, began to experience hallucinations after his exposure to the drug In 1966, because of mounting public health concerns, the federal government banned LSD.

PCP (Phencyclidine)
It was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic, but was discontinued in 1965 because patients became agitated, delusional, and irrational while recovering form its anesthetic effects. It is illegally manufactured in laboratories and sold on the streets as angel dust, ozone, wack, and rocket fuel. PCP is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water or alcohol. I has a distinctive bitter chemical taste.

 It can be easily mixed with dyes and comes in the form of tablets, capsules, and colored powders. It can be snorted, smoked, or ingested. For smoking, it is often applied to a leafy material such as mint, parsley, oregano, or marijuana. PCP is addictive; its repeated abuse can lead to craving and compulsive PCP-seeking behavior.

Psilocybin
Psilocybin is obtained from certain mushrooms found in South America, Mexico, and the U.S, although it can also be produced synthetically. The mushrooms are usually ingested orally, but can also be brewed in a tea or added to food to mask the bitter flavor. Once ingested, psilocybin is broken down in the users body to produce psilocybin, another hallucinogenic substance.

Mescaline
Mescaline is the active ingredient in peyote, a small, spineless cactus historically used by natives in Mexico and southwestern US as part of religious rites. It can also be produced synthetically.

DMT
DMT is found in a number of plants and seeds, but can also be produced synthetically. It is usually ingested by snorting, smoking, or injecting the drug. DMT is not effective in producing hallucinogenic effects when ingested by itself and is therefore used in conjunction with another drug that inhibits its metabolism.

Foxy
Foxy Methoxy is available in a powder, capsule, and tablet form and is usually ingested orally.
Foxy tablets and capsules vary in color and logos sometimes appear on tablets.

Dextromethorphan (DXM)
DXM is a cough suppressing ingredient in a variety of over the counter cold and cough medications. At the doses recommended for treating coughs, the drug is safe and effective.
At much higher doses, it produces dissociative effects similar to those of PCP Ketamine.

Extent of Use
In 2006, 35.3 million Americans aged 12 and older reported trying hallucinogens at least once during their lifetimes.
In 2007, 3.1 % of eight graders, 6.4 % of tenth graders, and 8.4 % of twelfth graders reported lifetime use of hallucinogens.

 Illicit manufacture and use of hallucinogens, of course, has continued. Recent studies show an increase in use during the 1990s, particularly in the high school and college-age population.

Signs and Symptoms

Increased activity through its action on the central nervous system Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased body temperature Dilated pupils Flushed face

Health Complications
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, fever, dilated pupils, tremors, nausea, chills and numbness are all symptoms of hallucinogens. Many are non-toxic or very low in toxicity, however they may starve the brain of oxygen or dehydrate the user. Others, especially deleriants, are extremely toxic and can cause death due to overdose.

Dilated Pupil

Flushed Face

Signs and Symptoms

(freak-out point)

Complete loss of emotional control Paranoid delusions Hallucinations Profound depression Tension and anxiety Disordered social behavior Temporary blackout

How are Hallucinogens Used?

In most cases they are ingested, such as LSD, Mushrooms, Peyote, and Ecstasy.

They are also commonly smoked, such as marijuana.

Other ways are by snorting or injecting. These drugs are usually crushed from a solid into a powder and then used.

Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Drugs

Short-Term Effects
distortion of color, time and distance, vivid visual and audial hallucinations, impaired judgment, altered memory, problems with concentrating and communicating, and in some cases, intense fear, anxiety, and psychosis.

Long-Term Effects
Heavy usage has shown to deteriorate the ability to reason and communicate with others. They have also been known to affect the memory. Years after taking a hallucinogen, a flashback may occur, bringing on the same affects experienced while on

First Aid
Careful attention Reassurance Protection from bodily harm (as results of antisocial behavior) Talk the person down from his disturbing experience in quiet and safe surroundings

NOISY AND UNSAFE PLACE

Quiet and Safe Place

NHSADA Hallucinogen Use % (2004)

Lifetime Total 12-17 18-25 26 & older 14.3 4.6 21.3 14.4 Past yr 1.6 3.0 6.0 0.6 Past mo .4 .8 1.5 .1

Male Female

17.7 11

2.2 1.1

.6 .2

First Aid
Get the victim to a physician or hospital as soon as possible. Two persons should accompany the victim, if possible.

Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Drugs

Acquisition of an LSD/saline discrimination and attenuation of the drug stimulus cue

Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Drugs

Acquisition of an LSD/saline discrimination and attenuation of the drug stimulus cue