Symmetry & Teory Group

Oleh Yateman Arryanto

Symmetry & Teory Group

The concept of symmetry is exist in an everyday sense. If we say something is symmetrical, we usually mean it has mirror symmetry, or left-right symmetry, and would look the same if viewed in a mirror. Symmetry is also very important in chemistry. Some molecules are clearly more symmetrical than others, but what consequences does this have, if any?

Symmetry & Teory Group

The aim of this course is to provide a systematic treatment of symmetry in chemical systems within the mathematical framework known as group theory The aim of applications of group theory are : Predicting whether a given molecule will be chiral, or polar. Examining chemical bonding and visualising molecular orbitals Chemical Properties Predicting whether a molecule may absorb light, and which spectroscopic transitions occurs. Investigating the vibrational motions of the molecule.

Symmetry, Art & Science

often used as an implied symbol of the essential symmetry of the human body, and by extension, to the universe as a whole

Symmetry & Nature

Symmetry & Nature

Symmetry & Nature

Apex episcopus

Nautilus pompilus

Symmetry & Nature

Spiral Symmetry

Symmetry & Nature

Architecture (Spiral Symmetry)

Symmetry & Nature

(Bilateral / Mirror Sym)

Symmetry & Architecture

Taj Mahal (Agra, India)

Giza Pyramid Field (Cairo, Egypt)

Symmetry & Architecture

Eiffel Tower (Paris) 325 m, 10.1 tons)

Symmetry & Landscaping

Toukouji (Japan)

Trocadero Palace (Paris) from Eiffel tower

Symmetry & Nature

Symmetry & Nature

Super-High Symmetry in Super-Low Life Forms

Symmetry & Nature

Super-High Symmetry in Super-Low Life Forms

Symmetry & Nature

Symmetry & Nature

A frieze pattern

Wallpaper pattern for Ontmoeting. From: M.C.Escher, 1944

Symmetry is Beautiful Symmetry is Living Symmetry is chemistry Symmetry is Beautiful Living

Be Symmetric and be best chemist To make a beautiful life

The Icosahedron

The Icosahedron

The Dodecahedron

The Cube (Hexahedron)

The Oktahedron

The Tetrahedron

The Platonic Solids

The Cube

The Methane Molecule

The Structure of Crystal

The Oktahedron

Simetri adalah Pola Simetri adalah Keteraturan Simetri adalah Keindahan Belajar Simetri berarti belajar tentang pola, keteraturan, keindahan sehingga dengan belajar simetri kita menjadi simetri dan mampu berperanan menciptakan dunia yang teratur, simetri dan indah (mamahayu ning bawono lan angkoso )

TEXT BOOKS
P. H. Walton Beginning Group Theory for Chemistry Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998 ISBN 019855964 A.F.Cotton Chemical Applications of Group Theory ISBN 0471510947 S.F.A Kettle Symmetry and Structure, Readable Group Theory for Chemist , 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0 471 9554 7

Symmetry
Symmetry is the notion that an object of study may look the same from different points of view.

Figure 1 : Bilateral and rotational symmetry. From: [8].

What is symmetry?
An object displays symmetry if you can do something to it (rotate it, reflect it, invert it etc.) without changing its appearance

The process of doing the rotation, reflection etc. Is referred to as a SYMMETRY OPERATION if it does not change the appearance of the molecule

Symmetry elements
Symmetry element is the line about which a rotation occurs or the plane through which a reflection takes place etc, Symmetry elements are labeled based on : Rotation axis, Cn ( The n indicates the angle through which the rotation takes place. (Angle = 360/n ) Mirror plane, h, v, d ( h=horizontal, v=vertical or d=dihedral mirror indicate orientation of plane with respect to any rotation axes )

Symmetry elements
Inversion center, i Improper rotation axis, Sn (This involves a combination of rotation and reflection. The n indicates the angle through which the rotation takes place. Angle = 360/n Identity, E (E is always a symmetry element as doing nothing to an object, always the same

Mirror planes
v
v

v includes the principle rotation axis

v = vertical

Mirror planes

h
h is perpendicular to the principle rotation axis h = horizontal

Mirror planes

d includes the principle rotation axis, but lies between C2 axes that are perpendicular to the principle axis

Mirror planes

Symmetry elements of benzene ring There is one horizontal reflection plane h and two sets of vertical reflection plane (d) and (h )

Mirror planes

Borazine

Rotations 360/n where n is an integer

BF3
Operation rotation by 360/3 around C3 axis (element)
F3 Rotate 120O F2

B
F2 F1 F1

B
F3

Rotations 360/n where n is an integer

BF3
Operation rotation by 360/3 around C3 axis (element)
F3 Rotate 120O F2

B
F2 F1 F1

B
F3

Rotation axes
Rotasi positif

C3+

C3+

Rotasi negatif

C3-

A threefold rotation and the corresponding C3 in NH3 There are two rotation assosiated with this axis, one through 120o [ C3+ ] and the other -120o [ C3- ]

Rotation axes

An H2O molecule may be rotated through any angle about the bisector of the HOH bond angle, but only a rotation of 180o, C2 leaves it apparently unchanged

Rotation axes examples 1

C2

C2

C2

The two fold rotational axis in cis-dinitrogen di florida

C2

C2
C2

C2

(c) (b) Molecule having n fold axis (a) Amonia (b) penta carbonil iron, (c) hexa carbonil iron
(a)

Rotation axes examples 1

C2, C3, C6

C2 C2

Symmetry of hexagonal planar

Rotation axes examples 2

Molecules containing five-fold rotational axes (a)Eclipsed ferrocene side and top view (b) Staggered ferrocene

Inversion center

The invertion operation and invertion center of SF6

Note inversion (i) and C2 are not equivalent

Inversion operation

Two fold rotation

Inversion center examples

The center of symmetry of 1,2-dimethyl-1,2 diphenyldiphospine disulfide

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) and (b) do not have inversion center

Improper rotation axes

An improper rotation involves a combination of rotation and reflection The rotation and the reflection do not have to be symmetry operations of the molecule in their own right

A fourfold axis of improper rotation S4 in the CH4 molecule