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Apex episcopus
Nautilus pompilus
Spiral Symmetry
Toukouji (Japan)
A frieze pattern
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The Icosahedron
The Dodecahedron
The Oktahedron
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The Oktahedron
Simetri adalah Pola Simetri adalah Keteraturan Simetri adalah Keindahan Belajar Simetri berarti belajar tentang pola, keteraturan, keindahan sehingga dengan belajar simetri kita menjadi simetri dan mampu berperanan menciptakan dunia yang teratur, simetri dan indah (mamahayu ning bawono lan angkoso )
TEXT BOOKS
P. H. Walton Beginning Group Theory for Chemistry Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998 ISBN 019855964 A.F.Cotton Chemical Applications of Group Theory ISBN 0471510947 S.F.A Kettle Symmetry and Structure, Readable Group Theory for Chemist , 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0 471 9554 7
Symmetry
Symmetry is the notion that an object of study may look the same from different points of view.
What is symmetry?
An object displays symmetry if you can do something to it (rotate it, reflect it, invert it etc.) without changing its appearance
The process of doing the rotation, reflection etc. Is referred to as a SYMMETRY OPERATION if it does not change the appearance of the molecule
Symmetry elements
Symmetry element is the line about which a rotation occurs or the plane through which a reflection takes place etc, Symmetry elements are labeled based on : Rotation axis, Cn ( The n indicates the angle through which the rotation takes place. (Angle = 360/n ) Mirror plane, h, v, d ( h=horizontal, v=vertical or d=dihedral mirror indicate orientation of plane with respect to any rotation axes )
Symmetry elements
Inversion center, i Improper rotation axis, Sn (This involves a combination of rotation and reflection. The n indicates the angle through which the rotation takes place. Angle = 360/n Identity, E (E is always a symmetry element as doing nothing to an object, always the same
Mirror planes
v
v
v = vertical
Mirror planes
h
h is perpendicular to the principle rotation axis h = horizontal
Mirror planes
d includes the principle rotation axis, but lies between C2 axes that are perpendicular to the principle axis
Mirror planes
Symmetry elements of benzene ring There is one horizontal reflection plane h and two sets of vertical reflection plane (d) and (h )
Mirror planes
Borazine
B
F2 F1 F1
B
F3
B
F2 F1 F1
B
F3
Rotation axes
Rotasi positif
C3+
C3+
Rotasi negatif
C3-
A threefold rotation and the corresponding C3 in NH3 There are two rotation assosiated with this axis, one through 120o [ C3+ ] and the other -120o [ C3- ]
Rotation axes
An H2O molecule may be rotated through any angle about the bisector of the HOH bond angle, but only a rotation of 180o, C2 leaves it apparently unchanged
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
(c) (b) Molecule having n fold axis (a) Amonia (b) penta carbonil iron, (c) hexa carbonil iron
(a)
C2 C2
Molecules containing five-fold rotational axes (a)Eclipsed ferrocene side and top view (b) Staggered ferrocene
Inversion center
Inversion operation
(a)
(b)
(c)