PROGRAMMING II

Enumeration Constants & Macros

Enumerations

User-defined type Members are constants written as identifiers contain a list of constants that can be addressed in integer values.

Uses the keyword enum

Values start at 0, unless otherwise specified.

General Format
enum tag {member1, member2, , member n}; or typedef enum {mem1, mem2}TYPE; Once defined, enumeration variables can be declared as: enum tag variable1, variable2, ..variable_n; or TYPE variable1, variable2, ..variable_n;

Visiting TYPEDEF
-

Gives a name to a data type by creating a new type that can be used anywhere a type is permitted.

typedef int INTEGER; Typedef char* STRING; Main() { INTEGER num1, num2; }

Example
enum months {JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN};
-

Type is enum months Identifiers set to integers 0 5 respectively To number months 1 6:

enum months {JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN};

Example
main() {
enum months month; //from previous declaration int cnt; month = (enum months) 3;

} Sample program here

for (month =JAN; month <= JUN; month++) printf(%d, month);

Macros

Single identifiers equivalent to expressions or statements Identifier defined in a #define preprocessor directive May be defined with or without arguments Without arguments similar to symbolic constant
With arguments arguments substituted, then macro expanded

Macros
FORMAT #define macro_name replacement-text EXAMPLE (Without Arguments) #define Hello printf(Hello Everybody) main() { Hello; }

Macros

(Without Arguments)

EXAMPLE #define volume ( (length) * (breadth) * (height) )

main() { length = 4 * 2; breadth = 8 + 4; height = length + breadth; printf(Volume is %d, volume); }

Macros
FORMAT #define macro_name(argument1, ) replacement-text EXAMPLE (With Arguments) #define PRINT(x) printf(Value is %d, x) main() { int val = 5; PRINT(val); }

Macros (With Arguments)

#define EVEN(X) (X%2 == \ 0? printf(yes) ) main() { int num = 5; EVEN(num); }

Macros

(String Converting Operator #)

EXAMPLE USING TEXT #define HELLO(x) printf(Hello #x) main() { HELLO(John); }

printf(Hello John);

Macros

(With Aruments)

EXAMPLE USING TEXT #define POS(x) printf(#x " = %d",x);(x>0? \ printf(" is positive"):printf(" is negative")) main() { int num = -9; POS(num2); } num2 = -9 is negative

Macros (nested)
#define PI 3.14 #define CIRCUM(rad) (PI * rad * rad)
main() { float radius = 12.34; printf(Circumference is %f, CIRCUM(radius)); }

Next Class

ARRAYS