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RESEARCH
Swati Vispute

PROCESS

Flow
Research process: - Selecting the topic, defining the research problem, objectives of research, literature survey, sample design, data collection, execution of project, analysis of data and hypothesis testing, generalization and interpretation and preparation of research report. Features of good research Research design Meaning, need, features of good research design, types of research design a) For exploratory research b) For descriptive research b) For causal research studies

Research Scientific Process

The steps of a scientific process & those of a research process are the same. Hence we call

RESEARCH AS SCIENTIFIC PROCESS

Steps in Research Process

Formulating research problem

collecting data

Analysis of data

Literature survey

Sample design

hypothesis testing

Developin g hypothesis

Execution of project

Generalisations , interpretation, and , report

Formulating a problem
relate to states of nature and relationships between variables Conceptual and empirical literature Discussion, Personal interest, Social problems, Testing theory Identifying and properly defining the concepts that will be the focus of the study. Reviewing previous research related to the selected topic is crucial, development and preparing to conduct a research project .

Formulating Problems - Tips

Find out why the information is being sought. Determine whether the information already exists. Determine whether the question really can/should be answered. Use exploratory research to define background of the problem. Determine relevant variables.

Extensive literature survey

abstracting and indexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographies Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books The review will help you to ---- see if your idea has been tried out earlier include all relevant constructs select appropriate instruments anticipate common problems identify research gaps formulate hypotheses

Development of working Hypotheses

tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences affect the manner in which tests must be conducted and indirectly the quality of data guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research

Preparing Research Design

conceptual structure within which research would be conducted Experimental designs can be either informal or Formal designs means of obtaining the information the availability and skills of the researcher selecting means of obtaining information time available for research; and the cost

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Sample Design
Universe or population definite plan determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population Deliberate sampling Random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling Quota sampling

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Collecting Data
Cost, time, resources available Observation Personal interview Telephone interviews Mail questionnaires Schedules

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Execution of Project
Systematic and timely execution Coding, processing data Instructions to interviewers, data entry operators

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Analysis of Data
Coding Editing Tabulation

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Hypotheses Testing
Chi-square T-test F-test Depends on nature and objective of research Reject or retain the hypotheses

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Generalizations and interpretation

Hypotheses tested several times leads to generalization to build theory

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Preparation of Reports
Introduction Main report
Literature survey Problem statement / hypotheses Research methodology (measures, questionnaire, sample, data analysis method) Data analysis

Summary of findings Conclusion References