Determinants, Eigenvalues

and Eigenvectors
Lecture:
1 The Determinant of a Matrix
2 Evaluation of a Determinant using Elementary
Operations
By
Dr. Mai Duc Thanh
3.1 The Determinant of a Matrix
3.2 Evaluation of a Determinant using
Elementary Operations
3.3 Properties of Determinants
3.4 Cramers Rule
3.5 Introduction to Eigenvalues

Determinants, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
The determinant of a 2 2 matrix:
4 - 3
3.1 The Determinant of a Matrix
Note:
(

=
22 21
12 11
a a
a a
A
12 21 22 11
| | ) det( a a a a A A = =
=
(

22 21
12 11
a a
a a
22 21
12 11
a a
a a
4 - 4
Ex. 1: (The determinant of a matrix of
order 2)
) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2 =
2 1
3 2
2 4
1 2
4 2
3 0
Note: The determinant of a matrix can be positive, zero, or negative.
3 4+ = 7 =
) 1 ( 4 ) 2 ( 2 = 4 4 = 0 =
) 3 ( 2 ) 4 ( 0 = 6 0 = 6 =
4 - 5
Cofactor of :
nn j n j n n
n i j i j i i
n i j i j i i
n j j
ij
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a a
M






) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1
) 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 12 11
+
+ + + + +
+
+
=
Minor of the entry :
ij
j i
ij
M C
+
= ) 1 (
ij
a
ij
a
4 - 6
Ex:
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
33 32
13 12
21
a a
a a
M =
21 21
1 2
21
) 1 ( M M C = =
+
33 31
13 11
22
a a
a a
M =
22 22
2 2
22
) 1 ( M M C = =
+
Notes: Sign pattern for cofactors
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +

4 - 7
Definition: (Expansion by cofactors)

=
+ + + = = =
n
j
in in i i i i ij ij
C a C a C a C a A A a
1
2 2 1 1
| | ) det( ) (
(Cofactor expansion along the i-th row, i=1, 2,, n )

=
+ + + = = =
n
i
nj nj j j j j ij ij
C a C a C a C a A A b
1
2 2 1 1
| | ) det( ) (
(Cofactor expansion along the j-th row, j=1, 2,, n )
Let A is a square matrix of order n.
Then the determinant of A is given by
or
4 - 8
Ex: The determinant of a matrix of order 3
33 33 23 23 13 13
32 32 22 22 12 12
31 31 21 21 11 11
33 33 32 32 31 31
23 23 22 22 21 21
13 13 12 12 11 11
) det(
C a C a C a
C a C a C a
C a C a C a
C a C a C a
C a C a C a
C a C a C a A
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
4 - 9
Ex 5: (The determinant of a matrix of order 3)
? ) det( = A
1 1
11
1 2
( 1) 1
0 1
C
+

= =
0 2 1
3 1 2
4 0 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Sol:
5 ) 5 )( 1 (
1 4
2 3
) 1 (
2 1
12
= = =
+
C
4
0 4
1 3
) 1 (
3 1
13
=

=
+
C
14
) 4 )( 1 ( ) 5 )( 2 ( ) 1 )( 0 (
) det(
13 13 12 12 11 11
=
+ + =
+ + = C a C a C a A
4 - 10
Ex 4: (The determinant of a matrix of
order 4)
? ) det( = A
(
(
(
(

=
2 0 4 3
3 0 2 0
2 0 1 1
0 3 2 1
A
4 - 11
Sol:
) )( 0 ( ) )( 0 ( ) )( 0 ( ) )( 3 ( ) det(
43 33 23 13
C C C C A + + + =
2 4 3
3 2 0
2 1 1
) 1 ( 3
3 1

=
+
13
3C =
| |
39
) 13 )( 3 (
) 7 )( 1 )( 3 ( ) 4 )( 1 )( 2 ( 0 3
4 3
1 1
) 1 )( 3 (
2 3
2 1
) 1 )( 2 (
2 4
2 1
) 1 )( 0 ( 3
3 2 2 2 1 2
=
=
+ + =
(

=
+ + +
4 - 12
The determinant of a matrix of order 3:
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
32 31 33 32 31
22 21 23 22 21
12 11 13 12 11
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
12 21 33 11 23 32
13 22 31 32 21 13 31 23 12 33 22 11

| | ) det(
a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a A A

+ + = =
Add these three products.
Subtract these three products.
4 - 13
Ex 5:
(
(
(

=
1 4 4
2 1 3
1 2 0
A
4 4
1 3
2 0

4
0
2 6 0 ) 4 ( 12 16 0 | | ) det( = + = = A A
16
12
0 6
4 - 14
Upper triangular matrix:
Lower triangular matrix:
Diagonal matrix:
All the entries below the main diagonal are zeros.
All the entries below the main diagonal are zeros.
All the entries above and below the main diagonal are zeros.
4 - 15
(
(

33
23 22
13 12 11
0 0
0
a
a a
a a a
(
(

33 32 31
22 21
11
0
0 0
a a a
a a
a
(
(

33
22
11
0 0
0 0
0 0
a
a
a
Ex:
upper triangular
lower triangular
diagonal




4 - 16
Determinant of a Triangular
Matrix
Thm 3.2:
If A is an nxn triangular matrix (upper triangular, lower
triangular, or diagonal), then its determinant is the
product of the entries on the main diagonal. That is
nn
a a a a A A
33 22 11
| | ) det( = =
4 - 17
Ex 6: Find the determinants of the following triangular matrices.
(a)
(
(
(
(

=
3 3 5 1
0 1 6 5
0 0 2 4
0 0 0 2
A
(b)
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
2 0 0 0 0
0 4 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 3 0
0 0 0 0 1
B
|A| = (2)(2)(1)(3) = 12
|B| = (1)(3)(2)(4)(2) = 48
(a)
(b)
Sol:
4 - 18
Keywords in Section 3.1:
determinant
minor
cofactor
expansion by cofactors
upper triangular matrix
lower triangular matrix
diagonal matrix
Row elementary matrix:
An nn matrix is called an elementary matrix if it can be obtained
from the identity matrix I by a single elementary operation.
Three row elementary matrices:
) ( ) 1 ( I r R
ij ij
=
) 0 ( ) ( ) 2 (
) ( ) (
= = k I r R
k
i
k
i
) ( ) 3 (
) ( ) (
I r R
k
ij
k
ij
=
Interchange two rows.
Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
Add a multiple of a row to another
row.
Note:
Only do a single elementary row operation.
3.2 Evaluation of a determinant
using elementary operations
3.2 Evaluation of a determinant using elementary
operations
Thm 3.3: (Elementary row operations and
determinants)
) ( ) ( A r B a
ij
=
) det( ) det( A B =
Let A and B be square matrices.
) ( ) (
) (
A r B b
k
i
= ) det( ) det( A k B =
) ( ) (
) (
A r B c
k
ij
=
) det( ) det( A B =
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
4 1 0
3 2 1
A

Ex:
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
4 1 0
12 8 4
1 A
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
3 2 1
4 1 0
2 A
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
2 3 2
3 2 1
3 A
2 ) det( = A
8 ) 2 )( 4 ( ) det( 4 ) det( ) ( 1
) 4 (
1
1 = = = = A A A r A
2 ) 2 ( ) det( ) det( ) ( 2 12 2 = = = = A A A r A
2 ) det( ) det( ) ( 3
) 2 (
12
3 = = =

A A A r A
? ) det( = A
Note:
A row-echelon form of a square matrix is always upper triangular.

Ex 2: (Evaluation a determinant using elementary row operations)

(
(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
10 3 2
A
Sol:
3 1 0
10 3 2
2 2 1
3 1 0
2 2 1
10 3 2
) det(
12

=
r
A
Notes:
7 ) 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 7 (
1 0 0
2 1 0
2 2 1
7
) 1 (
23
= =

r
)) ( det(
1
) det(
) (
A r
k
A
k
i
=
3 1 0
2 1 0
2 2 1
)
1
)( 1 (
3 1 0
14 7 0
2 2 1
7
1
)
7
1
(
2
) 2 (
12

r r

)) ( det( ) det( A r A
ij
=
)) ( det( ) det(
) (
A r A
k
ij
=

Notes:
A E EA =
ij
R E = ) 1 (
1 = =
ij
R E
( ) A E A R A A r EA
ij ij
= = = =
) (
) 2 (
k
i
R E = k R E
k
i
= =
( ) A E A R A k A r EA
k
i
k
i
= = = =
) (
) (
) 3 (
k
ij
R E =
1 = =
k
ij
R E
( ) A E A R A A r EA
k
ij
k
ij
= = = =
) ( ) (
1
Thm 3.4: (Conditions that yield a zero determinant)
(a) An entire row (or an entire column) consists of zeros.
(b) Two rows (or two columns) are equal.
(c) One row (or column) is a multiple of another row (or column).
If A is a square matrix and any of the following conditions is true,
then det (A) = 0.
0
6 5 4
0 0 0
3 2 1
= 0
0 6 3
0 5 2
0 4 1
= 0
6 5 4
2 2 2
1 1 1
=
0
2 6 1
2 5 1
2 4 1
= 0
6 4 2
6 5 4
3 2 1
=

0
6 12 3
5 10 2
4 8 1
=
Ex:
Ex 5: (Evaluating a
determinant)
3 )
5
3
)( 5 (
6 3
) 1 )( 5 (
6 0 3
0
2 5 3
6 0 3
1 4 2
2 5 3
) det(
5
3
5
2
2 1
5
3
5
2
)
5
4
(
12
= =

C
A
(
(
(

=
6 0 3
1 4 2
2 5 3
A
Sol:
3 ) 1 )( 3 (
3 4
4 5
) 1 )( 3 (
0 0 3
3 4 2
4 5 3
6 0 3
1 4 2
2 5 3
) det(
1 3
) 2 (
13
= =

=
+
C
A
Ex 6: (Evaluating a
determinant)

Sol:
(
(
(
(

=
0 2 3 1 1
3 4 2 1 3
3 2 1 0 1
1 2 3 1 2
2 3 1 0 2
A
(1)
24
( 1)
25


2 2
2 0 1 3 2 2 0 1 3 2
2 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1
det( ) 1 0 1 2 3 1 0 1 2 3
3 1 2 4 3 1 0 5 6 4
1 1 3 2 0 3 0 0 0 1
2 1 3 2
1 1 2 3
(1)( 1)
1 5 6 4
3 0 0 1
r
r
A

+


= =

( 3)
41
(1)
21
4 4
8 1 3 2
8 1 3 0 0 5
8 1 2 3
(1)( 1) 8 1 2 8 1 2
13 5 6 4
13 5 6 13 5 6
0 0 0 1
C
r

= = =

135
) 27 )( 5 (
5 13
1 8
1) 5(
3 1
=
=

=
+
Evaluate the determinants

4 - 30
Exercises
2 1 3 2 4 4 1 3
3 0 4 5 2 3 1 1
det( ) , det( )
4 2 5 1 2 1 3 5
1 2 3 2 1 3 0 4
A B

= =


4 - 31
Exercises
12
4 3
2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
3 0 4 5 0 3 4 5
det( )
4 2 5 1 2 4 5 1
1 2 3 2 2 1 3 2
1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
0 3 4 5 0 3 4 5
2 4 5 1 0 0 1 5
0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1
3 4 5 0 6 6
0 1 5 0 1 5 3( 30 6)
3 2 1 3 2 1
C
R R
A

= =



= =

= = = +
Textbook: R. Hill, Elementary Linear
Algebra with Applications, 3
rd
Edition
Page 122: 3, 4, 9, 11.14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

Deadline: 16
th
March, 2010
4 - 32
Homework: Determinants