Open System Interconnection

OSI Layers - Agenda

What is a layered approach ? Understand the OSI Model Functions of each of the layers of the OSI model Learn OSI Terminology Identify key protocols and functions Identify key network components

Why Layered Approach?

Primary objective was to reduce design complexity
Easy management and troubleshooting
Every layer performs a well defined function

Divide the problem in to smaller chunks

Large enough for distinct functions Small enough so that the architecture is not unwieldy!

OSI reference model has seven layers

OSI Reference Model

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a standard description or "reference model" for message transmission in a telecommunication network. This conceptual layered model was introduced by ISO to guide product implementors so that their products would consistently work with other products

OSI Reference Model

The seven layers define the functions of a data communications protocol Each layer serves a specific function Each layer serves the layer above it Every protocol communicates with its peer that is the same protocol in an equivalent layer in a remote system.
5

 They break the communication process into manageable chunks - this simplifies design A change in one layer does not affect the other layers - eases introduction of new technologies

Characteristics of the Layers

When a layer receives a message from an upper layer, it encloses the message into a distinct package called as Encapsulation
The protocols at the various layers have the appearance of a stack, and hence protocol stack

 What is a Protocol ? - A set of rules governing the operation of a communications function - IP routing, TCP segmentation What is a Protocol stack ? - A layered set of protocols which work together to provide communication between applications - TCP / IP / Ethernet is a Protocol stack What is a Protocol suite ? - A family of protocols which work together closely - TCP / IP protocol suite

Protocol Definitions

Characteristics of the Layers

Layers can be mixed and matched to achieve different requirements Layers use specific procedure to communicate with adjacent layers. The interfaces between the layers has to be defined Address mechanism allows the packets to be routed through the various layers until it reaches its final destination. Layers add their own address information

Characteristics of the Layers

Essentially, each layer at senders end communicates with the corresponding layer at receivers end. This is called as Peer to Peer communication Each layer exchanges information in fixed blocks called as Protocol Data Units (PDU) Errors can occur at any of the layers. Therefore the need for error detecting mechanisms to either correct errors or notify sender when they occur is critical.

The Seven Layers

The upper three layers define the software services that are used for exchange of application information The lower four layers define the service parameters for end to end information transfer

10

 Upper Layers - Application Layer - Presentation Layer - Session Layer Middle Layers - Transport Layer - Network Layer Lower Layers - Data link Layer - Physical Layer

OSI Layers

An easy way to remember it All People Seem To Need Data Processing

11

Application Layer
Provides network services to desktop / server applications like word processors, spreadsheet Socket Programming Interface for User applications Network Applications - EDI , WWW, E-mail, DNS, Remote access, File transfer,Telnet Application layer components - PCD (Personal Content Director) Layer 7 switch

12

 Presentation layer formats and converts network application data to the appropriate data type (i.e)
data, images, audio or video.

Presentation Layer

It address three aspects of presentation:

Data formats - for example, Postscript, ASCII, EBCDIC or binary formats Compatibility with the host operating system Encapsulation of data into message "envelopes" for transmission through the network

13

Presentation Layer
Presentation formats for different data types - Text / Data - ASCII, EBCDIC - Audio / Video - MIDI, MPEG, QuickTime - Graphics - PICT, TIFF, JPEG, GIF
Negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer

14

Session Layer
Session layer (also called the "port layer") is responsible for setting up, managing and then tearing down sessions between applications. Session layer protocols - NFS (Network File System) - SQL (Structured Query Language) - X Windows - Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

15

Transport Layer
Transport layer provides end-to-end transport services

Provides services for both "connection-mode" and for "connectionless-mode" transmissions

Ensures end-to-end data reliability Error recovery and flow control functions are performed Multiple sessions can be established and uniquely tracked Protocol Identifiers ( TCP - 6, UDP - 17)

16

Transport Layer
Application data is transported in segments Multiple (TCP / IP) applications share the Transport layer TCP, UDP, SPX, AppleTalk are typical transport layer protocol examples Transport layer components - Layer 4 switches - Firewalls - Server Load Balancers (SLB)

17

Error Recovery

18

Flow Control
Buffering Congestion avoidance Windowing

19

Buffering
Allow enough memory place for the incoming data to be stored Signal buffer overflow condition to slow down data transfer rate not ready , ready indicators Prevents loss of data

20

Congestion Avoidance

21

Windowing

The total number of data segments that can be sent continuously without receiving an acknowledgement
22

Control the amount of information transferred end-to-end

Network Layer
Network Layer is responsible for routing packets and for network addressing Best-effort packet (also called datagram) delivery Routing via the best path based on network topology information Connection-less operation Logical Addressing examples - IP Addressing - IPX Addressing - AppleTalk Addressing

23

Network Layer
Addressing contains two portions: - A network portion - A host portion Network Layer protocols - Internet Protocol (IP), - X.25 - DECNET - Novell IPX Network protocols are routed protocols

24

Network Layer
Routed protocols rely upon routing protocols like RIP , OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP , BGP and IS-IS for communication. Routing protocols also operate at the Network Layer Network Layer components
Routers Layer 3 switches

25

 Data Link Layer functions as a transport layer across physical links for network protocols. Physical addressing and error notification are key functions The two main sub-layers of the Data Link Layer are:
Media Access Control (MAC) Logical Link Control (LLC) - MAC Layer provides access to the LAN medium - LLC Layer enables upper layer transparency with the LAN media

Data Link Layer

26

Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer protocols
LAN - Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI WAN - ISDN, X.25, HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, ATM

MAC Address is a link layer address unique to every network connection (also referred to as flat address space) IEEE 802.3 standards for Ethernet protocol IEEE 802.3u standards for Fast Ethernet protocol IEEE 802.5 standard for Token Ring protocol IEEE 802.1Q standard for VLAN (Virtual LAN)

27

 Data Link Layer components

Data Link Layer

Layer 2 switches (LAN) Layer 2 switches (WAN) Frame Relay and ATM Hubs Bridges

Data is transported in frames Switching happens at this layer

28

 The Physical layer specifies the electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional requirements for activating, maintaining and deactivating a physical link between end systems. This layer deals with bits, signals and clocking functions

Physical Layer

The interface between Data Terminal equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating equipment (DCE) is defined at this layer. Modems/Hubs are the physical layer components

29

 This layer provides access to the physical wires of the network - bits
How many volts represent a 1 ? How many volts represent a 0? How many microseconds does it last ?

Physical Layer

Voltage levels, data rates, transmission distance limitations and physical connector types are specified at this layer (Serial cable, UTP cable, BNC cable, HSSI cable,AUI cable etc) Physical layer standards
V.24, V.35, G.703, HSSI, RS-449 for WAN media 10BaseT, 10Base2, 100BaseT, 100BaseF for LAN media

30

OSI Terminology
Encapsulation Windowing Flow Control Segments / Packets (Datagrams) / Frames / Bits Logical Addressing (Hierarchical) versus Flat Addressing (MAC) Routing Switching

31

OSI Data Flow

32

OSI - Layered Approach Functions

Network processes for applications

Application Presentation Session

Data formatting / representation

Host to Host communication

Upper Layers

End to end connection

Routing Switching Access to media Bit transmission

Transport
Network

Middle Layers Lower Layers

Data Link
Physical
33

OSI Layered Approach - contd

Components Protocols
Layer 7 switches

Application

EDI, WWW, E-mail, FTP, Telnet PICT, TIFF, JPEG, MIDI NFS, XWindow, SQL, RPC TCP, UDP, SPX, AppleTalk IP, IPX, DECNET, X.25, RIP FR, HDLC, PPP,ATM,ISDN Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI 10 B/T , 100 B/T , V.24, V.35, RS-449

Presentation
Session
Layer 4 switches, Firewalls / SLB Routers / Layer 3 switches Layer 2 switches, FR, ATM switches Modems CSU / DSU

Transport

Network
Data Link Physical
34

OSI suite

OSI and TCP/IP Comparison

TCP/IP suite Protocols Application / Presentation Layers Transport / Session Layers
Telnet, SMTP,FTP, DNS

Application

Presentation Session
Transport

TCP

UDP
ARP RARP RIP OSPF

Network
Data Link Physical

Network
Data / Physical Layers
35

IP

Ethernet, Token Ring,FDDI Frame Relay / ATM

Terms

OSI Layers - Terms

OSI suite Application

Data / Payload

Presentation
Session

Segments Packets / Datagrams Frames

Transport Network Data Link Physical

36

Bits