Chapter Four

Socialization

Socialization
The process by which people learn the attitudes, behaviors, values, etc deemed appropriate and acceptable for members of a particular society

Nature vs Nurture
Harry Harlow

Nature vs Nurture
Harry Harlow
Conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys raised in isolation

Nature vs Nurture
Harry Harlow
Conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys raised in isolation Used artificial mothers - one cloth-covered, one wirecovered rigged to provide milk

Nature vs Nurture
Harry Harlow
Conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys raised in isolation Used artificial mothers - one cloth-covered, one wirecovered rigged to provide milk Monkeys went to wire-covered mother for nourishment, but when frightened, went to cloth-covered mother for comfort

Nature vs Nurture
Minnesota Twin Family Study

Nature vs Nurture
Minnesota Twin Family Study
Finds that genetic and environmental factors shape human development

Minnesota Twin Study

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The Self
The distinct identity that sets us apart from others

The Self - Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley

The Self - Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of social interactions

The Self - Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of social interactions
3 stages:

The Self - Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of social interactions
3 stages: We imagine how we present ourselves to others

The Self - Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of social interactions
3 stages: We imagine how we present ourselves to others We imagine how others evaluate us

The Self - Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of social interactions
3 stages: We imagine how we present ourselves to others We imagine how others evaluate us We develop some sort of feeling about ourselves

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead
Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead
Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking 3 stages:

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead
Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking 3 stages:
Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around them; begin to understand and use symbols

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead
Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking 3 stages:
Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around them; begin to understand and use symbols Play Stage - children become more aware of relationships; pretend to be other people (role taking)

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead
Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking 3 stages:
Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around them; begin to understand and use symbols Play Stage - children become more aware of relationships; pretend to be other people (role taking) Game Stage - children grasp their own social positions; grasp positions of others around them

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead
Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking 3 stages:
Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around them; begin to understand and use symbols Play Stage - children become more aware of relationships; pretend to be other people (role taking) Game Stage - children grasp their own social positions; grasp positions of others around them

Generalized Other - the views, attitudes, expectations, etc of society as a whole that children consider in his or her behavior

The Self - Mead

George Herbert Mead
Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking 3 stages:
Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around them; begin to understand and use symbols Play Stage - children become more aware of relationships; pretend to be other people (role taking) Game Stage - children grasp their own social positions; grasp positions of others around them

Generalized Other - the views, attitudes, expectations, etc of society as a whole that children consider in his or her behavior Significant Other - those individuals who are most important in the development of the Self

The Self - Goffman

Many of our daily activities involve attempts to convey impressions of who we are

The Self - Goffman

Many of our daily activities involve attempts to convey impressions of who we are
Impression management - altering of the presentation of the Self

The Self - Goffman

Many of our daily activities involve attempts to convey impressions of who we are
Impression management - altering of the presentation of the Self Face-work - the struggle to maintain an impression in difficult situations

The Self - Freud

Stressed the significance of inborn drives - especially those for sex and aggression - in shaping our behavior

The Self - Freud

Stressed the significance of inborn drives - especially those for sex and aggression - in shaping our behavior Believed, like Cooley and Mead, that the Self is a social product

The Self - Freud

Stressed the significance of inborn drives - especially those for sex and aggression - in shaping our behavior Believed, like Cooley and Mead, that the Self is a social product However, also argued that the Self has aspects that work in conflict with each other

The Self - Freud

Stressed the significance of inborn drives - especially those for sex and aggression - in shaping our behavior Believed, like Cooley and Mead, that the Self is a social product However, also argued that the Self has aspects that work in conflict with each other
Our natural impulses come into conflict with social limitations on behaviors and our rational being

The Self - Piaget

Cognitive theory of development

The Self - Piaget

Cognitive theory of development
4 stages:

The Self - Piaget

Cognitive theory of development
4 stages:
Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make discoveries

The Self - Piaget

Cognitive theory of development
4 stages:
Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make discoveries Preoperational - children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas

The Self - Piaget

Cognitive theory of development
4 stages:
Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make discoveries Preoperational - children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas Concrete operational - children engage in logical thinking

The Self - Piaget

Cognitive theory of development
4 stages:
Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make discoveries Preoperational - children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas Concrete operational - children engage in logical thinking Formal operational - adolescents become capable of sophisticated abstract thought

The Self - Piaget

Cognitive theory of development
4 stages:
Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make discoveries Preoperational - children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas Concrete operational - children engage in logical thinking Formal operational - adolescents become capable of sophisticated abstract thought Cognitive development linked to moral development

The Life Course

Rites of passage - ceremonies that celebrate the changes in a persons status

The Life Course

Rites of passage - ceremonies that celebrate the changes in a persons status
Taboo

The Life Course

Anticipatory socialization - processes of socialization in a which a person rehearses for future positions

The Life Course

Anticipatory socialization - processes of socialization in a which a person rehearses for future positions
Ex - high school students applying for college

The Life Course

Anticipatory socialization - processes of socialization in a which a person rehearses for future positions
Ex - high school students applying for college

Resocialization - process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of life transitions

The Life Course

Anticipatory socialization - processes of socialization in a which a person rehearses for future positions
Ex - high school students applying for college

Resocialization - process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of life transitions
Ex - preparing convicts to return to society

Resocialization
Resocialization generally occurs within a total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a persons life (ex - prison, military, convent, hospital)

Resocialization
Resocialization generally occurs within a total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a persons life (ex - prison, military, convent, hospital)
Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total institutions:

Resocialization
Resocialization generally occurs within a total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a persons life (ex - prison, military, convent, hospital)
Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total institutions: All aspects of life conducted in same place under same authority

Resocialization
Resocialization generally occurs within a total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a persons life (ex - prison, military, convent, hospital)
Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total institutions: All aspects of life conducted in same place under same authority Activities conducted with others in same circumstances

Resocialization
Resocialization generally occurs within a total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a persons life (ex - prison, military, convent, hospital)
Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total institutions: All aspects of life conducted in same place under same authority Activities conducted with others in same circumstances Authorities create rules and activities without input from participants

Resocialization
Resocialization generally occurs within a total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a persons life (ex - prison, military, convent, hospital)
Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total institutions: All aspects of life conducted in same place under same authority Activities conducted with others in same circumstances Authorities create rules and activities without input from participants All aspects of life designed to fulfill the purpose of the organization

Resocialization
Resocialization generally occurs within a total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a persons life (ex - prison, military, convent, hospital)
Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total institutions: All aspects of life conducted in same place under same authority Activities conducted with others in same circumstances Authorities create rules and activities without input from participants All aspects of life designed to fulfill the purpose of the organization

Often, people entering total institutions experience a degradation ceremony - designed to strip individuality from participants

Agents of Socialization
The family is the most important agent of socialization

Agents of Socialization
The family is the most important agent of socialization Others include: the school, the peer group, the mass media, the workplace, religion, and the state