Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): The essence is that the total amount of variation in a set of data is broken down into

o two types (1) amount attributed to chance (2) amount attributed to specified causes. Through ANOVA we can investigate any number of factors which are hypothesized or said to influence the dependent variable. We make 2 estimates of population variance one based on variance between samples and one based on variance within samples.

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Then the 2 estimates are compared with the F-test:

F = (Estimate of the population variance based on

variance between samples)

(Estimate of

population variance based on variance within samples)

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One way ANOVA: 1. Obtain mean of each sample i.e. X1 bar.Xk bar 2. Find X double bar 3. SS between = n1(X1 bar X dbl bar)2 + n2(X2 bar X dbl bar)2 +.+ nk(Xk bar X dbl bar)2 4. Mean Square (MS) between = SS between / (k-1) 5. SS within = (X1i X1 bar)2 + (X2i X2 bar)2 + ..... + (Xki Xk bar)2 6. Mean Square (MS) within = SS within / (n k) where n = total number of items in all samples k = number of samples
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7. To check we can find the SS for the total variance by: SS (for total variance) = (Xij X dbl bar)2 SS (for total variance) = SS between + SS within The d.f. is (n-1) = (k -1) + (n k)

8. F-ratio = MS between / MS within

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a. This ratio is used to judge whether the difference

among several sample means is significant or is just a matter of sampling fluctuations. b. If the calculated value of F < table value of F, then the difference is insignificant and the null hypothesis of no difference between the means stands. c. If calculated F value > table F value then the difference is significant and the samples did not come from the same universe. d. The higher the calculated F value above the table, the more definite one can be about the conclusion.

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Example 1: Set up an analysis of variance table for the following per acre production data for 3 varieties of wheat, each grown on 4 plots and state if the variety differences are significant:

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Per Acre Production Data Plot Of Land Variety of Wheat

A
1 2 3 4

6 7 3 8
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5 5 3 7

5 4 3 4
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2 way ANOVA :
Used when data are classified on the basis of 2 factors

For example:
Agricultural output may depend on seeds and fertilizers
Sales data may be classified on the basis of salesperson

and geographic region

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Steps Involved in 2 way Anova: 1. Total all values in all samples i.e. find T 2. Calculate the correction factor T2/n 3. Calculate Total SS = X2ij (T2/n) 4. SS between columns 5. SS between rows 6. SS for residual or error variance = Total SS (SS between columns + SS between rows)

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7. Degrees of Freedom:

For total variance = (c.r-1)

Variance between columns = (c-1)

Variance between rows = (r-1) Residual variance = (c-1)(r-1)

Where: c = number of columns r= number of rows

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Source of Variation

Sum of squares (SS)

Degrees of Freedom (d.f.) c-1

Mean Square (MS) SS between columns /(c-1) SS between rows/(r-1) SS residual/(c1)(r-1)

F-ratio

Between columns treatment

Between rows treatment Residual or error

(T2j/nj)T2/n
(T2i/ni)T2/n
Total SS-(SS col+SS row)

MS between columns/MS residual

MS between rows/MS residual

r-1

(c-1)(r-1)

Total

X2ij-T2/n

(c.r-1)

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Example 2: Per Acre Production Data of Wheat

Varieties of seeds Varieties of Fertilizers W X 6 7 5 5 5 4 A B C

Y
Z

3
8

3
7

3
4

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Source of Variation Between columns treatment

Sum of squares (SS)

Degrees of Freedom (d.f.)

Mean Square (MS)

F-ratio

8
18

3-1=2

8/2=4

4/1=4

Between rows treatment

4-1=3

18/3=6

6/1=6

Residual or error

6 32

Total

(3-1)(46/6=1 1)=6 (3x4)1=11

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5% F-Limit (or the table values)

F (2,6) = 5.14
F (3,6) = 4.76

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 The previous example was a two-way design of

experiment without repeated values.

The next example we will see ANOVA of repeated

values.

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Example 3: Amount of blood pressure reduction in mmHg

Group of People A B

X 14 15 12 11 10 11

Drug Y 10 9 7 8 11 11

Z 11 11 10 11 8 7
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Example 3 continued: Test the 3 drugs to judge the effectiveness in reducing blood pressure by answering the following: 1. Do the drugs act differently? 2. Are the different groups of people affected differently? 3. Is the interaction term significant? Answer the above questions taking a significant level of 5%.

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