/S/-/Z/

/S/: fricative, palato-alveolar, voiceless /Z/: fricative, palato-alveolar, voiced

/S/-/Z/

Main spellings sh: ship /SIp/ (s)si: Russia /"rVS@/ c(e, i): precious /"preS@s/, ocean /"@US/ sci: conscious /"kQS@s/ ti: nation /"eIS/ sugar/SUg@/, sure /SO:/, machine /m@"Si:/,

Main spellings
s (u): treasure /"treZ@/, usual /"jU:ZjU@l/ z(u): seizure /"si:Z@/ si: confusion /k@"fju:Z@ / -ge: prestige /pr@s"tIZ/, beige /"beIZ/

/h/
/h/: fricative, glottal, voiceless Main spellings h: hip /hIp/ wh: who /"hu:/ It is silent in words like: honour /"Q@/, hour /aU@/,and in untressed syllables like: -ham, Durham /"dVr@m/, vehicle /"vI@kl/ Loss of [h] in weak forms: him /Im/, he /i/

Affricates

An affricate is simply a sequence of a stop followed by a homorganic fricative, Ladefoged (2006:66)

Place of articulation
Palatoalveolar Voicless voiced tS dZ

/tS/-/dZ/

/tS/: affricate, palato-alveolar, voiceless /dZ/: affricate, palato-alveolar, voiced

/tS/-/dZ/

Main spellings ch: chip /tSIp/ tch: match /m{tS/ ture: picture /"pIktS@/

Main spellings
g(e, i): gin /dZI/, George /"dZO:dZ/ j: Jordan /"dZO:d@/ dg: badge /b{dZ/ suggest /s@"dZest/, soldier /"s@UldZ@/ It is common in some

Nasals

Nasal consonants share with the plosives the same place of articulation. The difference lies in the fact that with the plosives the air escapes through the mouth and with the nasals it escapes through the nose (Brian, M. 2003). The nasal consonant [N] could never appear in initial position. It can only be preceded by the vowel sounds [I, e, {, V Q].it is the result of a sequence of the phonemes // and /g/. Ladefoged, (2006)

/m/-//-/N/
Nasal
Bilabial Alveolar Velar

m N

/m/-//-/N/

/m/: nasal, bilabial, voiced //: nasal, alveolar, voiced /N/: nasal, velar, voiced

/m/
Main spellings

m: map /m{p/ mm: mummy /"mVmi/ mb: thumb /TVm/, lamb /l{m/ mn: autumn /"O:tm/

//

Main spellings n: nose /@Uz/ kn: knight /aIt/ gn: gnome /@Um/ mn: mnemonic /@"mQIk/ pn: pnuematic /jU"m{tIk/

/N/

Main spellings ng: sing /sIN/ n + k: ink /INk/ n + g: English /"INglIS/ Point out that [] in the prefix un- it is normally pronounced as an alveolar and not as a velar or bilabial: uncut /V"kVt/, unbelievable /%VbI"li:v@bl/.

Approximants

Articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence.

Lateral /l/
/l/: lateral, alveolar, voiced This sound presents two allophones: Clear [l] in initial, final or intervocalic position: lip Oscure [] or velar in final position or before another consonant: bold, pill

/l/

Main spellings l: lip /lIp/ ll: hill /hIl/ Silent l before m:, calm /kA:m/, palm /pA:m/

/r/

One final characteristic of r is that it is usual for the lips to be slightly rounded; foreign learners should do this but should be careful not to exaggerate it. If the liprounding is too strong the consonant will sound too much like w, which is the sound that most English children produce until they have learned to pronounce r in the adult way. (Gimson, 1989:63)

/r/
/r/: approximant, post-alveolar, voiced Main spellings r: real /rI@l/ rr: lorry /"lQri/ Linking r

/j/ or yod

/j/: approximant, palatal, voiceless

/j/

Mainspellings y: yes /jes/, you /ju:/ ew: few /fju:/ u: music /"mjU:sIk/

/w/

/w/: approximant, labio-velar, voiced

/w/

Main spellings w: Initial position, war /wO:/ Mid position, sweet /swi:t/, queen /kwi:/, beware /bI"we@/ wh which /wItS/ u is pronounced [w] after q and g in unstressed syllables: language /l{NgwItS/, tranquil /tr{NkwIl/