Web Technology - XML

EXtensible Markup Language(XML)
U. K. Roy
An HTML system
HTML document Web Server
Internet
Web Client
Parser, formatter, interface
U.K.R., 2008
Role of HTML
HTML
Designed to display data Focuses on appearance Has a fixed set of predefined tags Ambiguity
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XML
Role of XML

EXtensible Markup Language W3C recommendation, 1998 Designed to structure, transport and store data Transformation and Dynamic data customization Interoperable way to represent and process documents (not necessarily on web) Self descriptive
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XML
Example
<note> <to>John</to> <from>Ani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Return my book on Monday</body> </note>
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XML
Another Example
<song> <title>Requiem</title> <composer>Mozart</composer> </song>
Equivalent HTML code:

Requiem is a song composed by Mozart
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Role of XML
Not a replacement of HTML
XML focuses on what data are HTML focuses on how data look Functional meaning depends on application
Tags are custom defined (not predefined)
Everything must be marked up correctly
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XML
XML and Databases
XML brings benefits of DBs to documents
Schema to model information directly Formal validation, locking, versioning, rollback... Not all traditional database concepts map cleanly, because documents are fundamentally different in some ways
But
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XML Building blocks

Element Delimited by angular brackets Identifies the nature of the content it surrounds General format: <element> </element> Empty element: <empty-element/> Attribute Name-value pairs that occur inside start-tags after element name, like: <element attribute=value>
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XML Building blocks--Prolog
The part of an XML document that precedes the XML data Includes
A declaration: version [, encoding, standalone]

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" standalone="yes"?>
An optional DTD (Document Type Definition )

<!DOCTYPE greeting SYSTEM "hello.dtd">
Processing Instructions (Optional)

<?xml-stylesheet href="simple.xsl" type="text/xsl"?>
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XML
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XML Elements
XML Elements are Extensible More and more elements may be added to carry more information XML Elements have Relationships Elements are related as parents and children Elements have Content Elements can have different types of content:

empty content simple content element content mixed content attributes
XML elements must follow the naming rules

XML 11
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XML Elements naming rules
Names can only contain letters, digits and some other special characters. Names can not start with a number or punctuation marks Names must not contain the string xml, XML or Xml Names can not contain while space(s).
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Anatomy of an element
Element type
Attribute Attribute Attribute name value
(character) entity reference
Use a hyphen: .

Start-tag
Element Content
End-tag
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Element type
The Basic Rules
XML is case sensitive

<Message>This is incorrect</message> <message>This is correct</message>
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The Basic Rules
All start tags must have end tags

<composer>Mozart <composer>Mozart</composer>
Empty Element
 <img align=center src=logo.gif/> <composer name=Mozart></composer> <composer name=Mozart/>
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The Basic Rules
Elements must be properly nested

This is incorrect nesting This is correct nesting
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The Basic Rules
XML declaration must be the first statement
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO8859-1" stAandalone="yes"?>
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The Basic Rules
Every document must contain a root element
<root> <child> <subchild>.....</subchild> </child> </root>
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XML
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The Basic Rules
Attribute values must be quoted with inverted commas
<note date="12/11/2007"> <to>Ani</to> <from>John</from> </note>
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The Basic Rules
Certain characters are reserved for parsing
<message>if salary < 1000 then</message> <message>if salary < 1000 then</message>
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Predefined entities
< > & ' " < > & ' " less than greater than &ampersand apostrophe quotation mark
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The Basic Rules

With XML, white space is preserved With XML, a new line is always stored as LF Comments in XML: 

Can go almost anywhere (not inside tags)
Schemas can contain comments, too
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Common Errors for Element Naming
Do not use white space when creating names for elements Element names cannot begin with a digit, although names can contain digits Only certain punctuation allowed periods, colons, and hyphens
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XML Attributes
Located in the start tag of elements Provide additional information about elements Often provide information that is not a part of data Must be enclosed in quotes Should I use an element or an attribute?
metadata (data about data) should be stored as attributes, and that data itself should be stored as elements
XML 24
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Types of XML Documents
XML document
Well Formed XML.
Syntax is correct
Well formed Validated against a DTD/Schema
Valid XML.
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25
Well-Formed XML
Properties
Documents must have a root element Elements must have a closing tag Elements must be properly nested Attribute values must be quoted
Advantage

Avoids fixed nature like HTML Flexible Expandable

XML 26
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Valid XML
Properties
Well Formed Comply with the rules defined in a DTD/Schema
Advantage

Clear Understanding Data verification Interoperability Better document processing
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XML Validation
XML document
XML schema
XML Parser
Optimized XML document
Error messages
xmllint --valid sample.xml
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Dislaying XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="books.xsl"?> <bookstore> <book category="literature"> <title lang="beng">Sanchoita</title> <author>Rabindranath Tagore</author> <year>2009</year> <price>200.00</price> </book> </bookstore>
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Document Type Definition
Allows developers to create a set of rules to specify legal content and place restrictions on an XML file Parser generates error, if XML document does not follow the rules contained within DTD Including a DTD

Using internal declaration Using external file Both
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Internal (standalone) DTD

For custom documents Uses DOCTYPE declaration

<!DOCTYPE greeting [ <!ELEMENT greeting (#PCDATA)> ]> <greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>
Specify in XML declaration

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
XML 31
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External DTD

Most common Use DOCTYPE declaration before root element

<!DOCTYPE greeting SYSTEM "hello.dtd"> <greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>
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External plus Internal DTD

Usually to declare entities Use DOCTYPE declaration before root element

<!DOCTYPE greeting SYSTEM "hello.dtd" [ <!ENTITY excl "!"> ]> <greeting>Hello, world&excl;</greeting>
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DTD XML Building Blocks
XML documents consist of following blocks
Elements Attributes Entities
<
>
&
"
&apos
PCDATA

Parsed Character DATA Entities will be expanded Character DATA Entities will not be expanded
XML 34
CDATA

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Declaring Elements
An empty element <!ELEMENT elementName (EMPTY)> Example <!ELEMENT br (EMPTY)> <!ELEMENT Bool (EMPTY)> Usage: <Bool Value="True"></Bool>
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Declaring Elements
Element with data <!ELEMENT elementName (#PCDATA)> Example <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT
from (#PCDATA)> question (#PCDATA)> email ANY> tutorial (#PCDATA)>
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Declaring Elements
Usage:
<from>U. K. Roy</from> <question> What is the full form of DTD? </question> <email>u_roy@it.jusl.ac.in</email> <tutorial> This is an XML document </tutorial>
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DTD Declarations
Example : Elements with Data
<!ELEMENT Month (#PCDATA)> Valid Usage <Month>April</Month> <Month>This is a month</Month> Invalid Usage: <Month> <!Invalid usage within XML file, cant have children!--> <January>Jan</January> <March>March</March> </Month>
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Declaring Elements
Element with Children (sequential) <!ELEMENT elementName (child1, child2,)>
Example <!ELEMENT message (from, to, body)> <!ELEMENT address (street, city, zip)>
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Declaring Elements
Inner elements must also be declared
<!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT
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message (from, to, body)> from (#PCDATA)> to (#PCDATA)> body (#PCDATA)> address (street, city, zip)> street (#PCDATA)> city (#PCDATA)> zip (#PCDATA)>
XML 40
Declaring Elements
Usage: <?xml version=1.0?> <!DOCTYPE message SYSTEM message.dtd> <message> <from>tom@it.jusl.ac.in</from> <to>jerry@rediffmail.com</to> <body>Learn DTD from www.w3schools.com</body> </message>
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Declaring Elements
Usage: <?xml version=1.0?> <!DOCTYPE message SYSTEM address.dtd> <address> <street>S. C. Mallick Road</street> <city>Kolkata</city> <zip>700032</zip> </address>
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Using internal DTD

<?xml version=1.0?> <!DOCTYPE email [ <!ELEMENT email (from, to, body)> <!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)> ]> <email> <from>tom@it.jusl.ac.in</from> <to>jerry@rediffmail.com</to> <body>Learn DTD from w3schools.com</body> </email>
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DTD Declarations
<!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT House (address)> address (person, street, city, zip)> person (#PCDATA)> street (#PCDATA)> city (#PCDATA)> zip (#PCDATA)>
<!Valid usage within XML file--> <House> <address> <person>John Doe</person> <street>1234 Preston Ave.</street> <city>Charlottesville, Va</city> <zip>22903</zip> </address> </House>
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Declaring Elements
Occurrence Indicators
Term , |
Meaning Sequence Operators Choice operators
Example a, b, c a|b|c
+
*
One or more
Zero or more
a+
a*
? ()
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Single optional grouping

XML
a? (a)
45
Examples
<!ELEMENT a <!ELEMENT b <!ELEMENT either <!ELEMENT ordered <!ELEMENT list <!ELEMENT dl <!ELEMENT text <!ELEMENT mixed EMPTY> ANY> (one | theother)> (first, second)> (item+)> ((dt?, dd?)*)> (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA | b | i | em)>
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Declaring Elements
Example
<!ELEMENT Book (Front, Chapter+, Back?)> <!ELEMENT Front (Title, Author+, Publisher?)> <!ELEMENT Chapter (Name, Content)> <!ELEMENT Back (ISBN)> <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT <!ELEMENT
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Title (#PCDATA)> Author (#PCDATA)> Publisher (#PCDATA)> Name (#PCDATA)> Content (#PCDATA)> ISBN (#PCDATA)>
XML 47
Cautions concerning DTDs
All element declarations begin with <!ELEMENT and end with > The ELEMENT declaration is case sensitive Elements declared with the #PCDATA content model can not have children When describing sequences, the XML document must contain exactly those elements in exactly that order.
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Declaring Attributes
General Syntax <!ATTLIST elementName attributeName attributeType defaultType> Example <!ATTLIST HDD speed CDATA 7200> <!ATTLIST HDD unit CDATA #IMPLIED> <!ATTLIST price currency CDATA INR> <!ATTLIST question number ID #REQUIRED>
<HDD speed=6000> </HDD> <price currency=USD>10</price> <question number=1> </question>

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The attribute-type can be one of the following:
Type
CDATA (en1|en2|..) ID Description The value is character data The value must be one from an enumerated list The value is a unique id
IDREF
IDREFS NMTOKEN NMTOKENS
The value is the id of another element

The value is a list of other ids The value is a valid XML name The value is a list of valid XML names
ENTITY
ENTITIES NOTATION xml:
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The value is an entity

The value is a list of entities The value is a name of a notation The value is a predefined xml value
XML 50
The default-value can be one of the following:
Value value #REQUIRED #IMPLIED #FIXED value Explanation The default value of the attribute The attribute is required The attribute is not required The attribute value is fixed
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Examples
<!ATTLIST termdef id ID #REQUIRED name CDATA #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST list type (bullets|ordered|glossary) "ordered">

<!ATTLIST form method CDATA #FIXED "POST">
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Examples
<!ELEMENT square EMPTY> <!ATTLIST square width CDATA "0"> Valid XML: <square width="100" />
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Examples--#REQUIRED
DTD: <!ATTLIST person number CDATA #REQUIRED> Valid XML: <person number="5677" /> Invalid XML:
<person />
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Examples--#IMPLIED
DTD: <!ATTLIST contact fax CDATA #IMPLIED> Valid XML: <contact fax="555-667788" /> valid XML:
<contact />
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Examples--#FIXED
DTD:
<!ATTLIST sender company CDATA #FIXED "Microsoft">
Valid XML: <sender company="Microsoft" /> Invalid XML: <sender company="W3Schools" />
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Examples--Enumerated
DTD: <!ATTLIST payment type (check|cash) "cash"> XML example: <payment type="check" /> or <payment type="cash" />
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Elements of Attributes?
attributes cannot contain multiple values (child elements can) attributes are not easily expandable (for future changes) attributes cannot describe structures (child elements can) attributes are more difficult to manipulate by program code attribute values are not easy to test against a DTD
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Declaring Entities
General Syntax <!ENTITY entityName entityValue> Example <!ENTITY euro €> // <!ENTITY language XML> <!ENTITY W3C World Wide Web Consortium> <!ENTITY copyright ©> // <!ENTITY USD SYSTEM currency.dtd> <tutorial> &language; is standardized by &W3C; &copyright; UKR </tutorial>
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Displaying XML

XHTML XML namespace XML DOM XPath XSL (XSLT+XPath)
Client side

By browser Explicitly by author (using JavaScript)
Server side
Schema
XML 60
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Displaying XML
XML documents do not carry information about how to display the data We can add display information to XML with

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) --- preferred
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XML into HTML
XSLT can transform into (called "output method"):
XML HTML text

content in XML served as HTML browser never knows
Server-side XSLT engine

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Client-side XSL
XML
XSLT
FO
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Server-side XSL
XML
XSLT
XSLT engine
HTML
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XML DOM
<bookstore> <book category="COOKING"> <title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title> <author>Giada De Laurentiis</author> <year>2005</year> <price>30.00</price> </book> <book category="CHILDREN"> <title lang="en">Harry Potter</title> <author>J K. Rowling</author> <year>2005</year> <price>29.99</price> </book> <book category="WEB"> <title lang="en">Learning XML</title> <author>Erik T. Ray</author> <year>2003</year> <price>39.95</price> </book> </bookstore>
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XML DOM Tree
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Questions?
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Web Technology - XML

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EXtensible Markup Language(XML)

Equivalent HTML code:

Not a replacement of HTML

Tags are custom defined (not predefined)

Everything must be marked up correctly

XML and Databases

XML brings benefits of DBs to documents

XML Building blocks

XML Building blocks--Prolog

A declaration: version [, encoding, standalone]

An optional DTD (Document Type Definition )

Processing Instructions (Optional)

empty content simple content element content mixed content attributes

XML elements must follow the naming rules

XML Elements naming rules

Attribute Attribute Attribute name value

(character) entity reference

<p type="rule">Use a hyphen: &#173;.</p>

The Basic Rules

XML is case sensitive

The Basic Rules

All start tags must have end tags

The Basic Rules

Elements must be properly nested

The Basic Rules

XML declaration must be the first statement

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO8859-1" stAandalone="yes"?>

The Basic Rules

Every document must contain a root element

<root> <child> <subchild>.....</subchild> </child> </root>

The Basic Rules

Attribute values must be quoted with inverted commas

<note date="12/11/2007"> <to>Ani</to> <from>John</from> </note>

The Basic Rules

Certain characters are reserved for parsing

The Basic Rules

Can go almost anywhere (not inside tags)

Schemas can contain comments, too

Common Errors for Element Naming

Types of XML Documents

Well Formed XML.

Avoids fixed nature like HTML Flexible Expandable

Well Formed Comply with the rules defined in a DTD/Schema

Clear Understanding Data verification Interoperability Better document processing

Optimized XML document

xmllint --valid sample.xml

Document Type Definition

Using internal declaration Using external file Both

Internal (standalone) DTD

For custom documents Uses DOCTYPE declaration

Specify in XML declaration

Most common Use DOCTYPE declaration before root element

External plus Internal DTD

Usually to declare entities Use DOCTYPE declaration before root element

DTD XML Building Blocks

XML documents consist of following blocks

Elements Attributes Entities

from (#PCDATA)> question (#PCDATA)> email ANY> tutorial (#PCDATA)>

Using internal DTD

Single optional grouping

Cautions concerning DTDs

<HDD speed=6000> </HDD> <price currency=USD>10</price> <question number=1> </question>

The value is the id of another element

The value is an entity

<p type="rule">Use a hyphen: .</p>