IMUNITAS ALAMI DAN IMUNITAS ADAPTIF

Ratna Kusumawati

benda asing = antigen

Respons imun nonspesifik spesifik selular homural

sistem imun

Organisasi Sistem Imun Tubuh antigen dan imunogen imunitas bawaan dan didapat imunitas humoral dan seluler

Elemen dan Komponen Sistem imun komponen seluler komponen humoral

The Phases of Immunity

IMUNITAS

KOMPONEN SELULER
INNATE IMMUNITY

Fagosit: Sel NK

Makrofag Neutrofil

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Lymphocyte T Lymphocyte B

KOMPONEN HUMORAL
INNATE IMMUNITY

KomplemenFagosit: dll ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Antibodi

KOMPONEN INNATE IMUNITY

Innate Immunity
Innate immunity predates development of adaptive immunity Does not produce protective immunity
No memory response Prerequisite for developing adaptive immunity

Non-antigen-specific immunity
Found in plants, invertebrates and vertebrates

Innate Immunity
1. Provides a barrier to prevent the spread of infection
Mechanical (tight junctions, movement) Chemical (fatty acids, enzymes, pH, antimicrobial peptides) Microbiological (normal flora) Mucosal surfaces
Nasopharyngeal, Oral, Respiratory, Intestinal tract Urogenital tract

Skin (epithelial cells)

Wounds, burns, insect bites

Innate Immunity
2. Identifies and eliminates pathogens
Non-adaptive recognition systems Activates molecules that target the microbe and aid in its identification.
These factors may be expressed at the surface or within cells, released from immune cells or are secreted and present within circulatory system

Innate Immunity
3. Initiates an inflammatory response
Reaction to injury or infection
Trauma to tissues or cells Presence of foreign matter (self vs. non-self) Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi)

Delivers effector molecules & immune cells to the site of infection

Components
Leukocytes & secreted factors Blood vessels Plasma proteins

Innate Immunity
4. Provides signals to activate and regulate the type of adaptive immune response generated
Stimulation of co-stimulatory molecules
B7 family (CD80/86, PD-L, ICOSL) TNFR family (OX40L)

Induction of a cytokine/chemokine response

Cytokines: IL-12, IL-23, IL-4 Chemokines: CXCR1, CXCR2, CCL20
a variety and depends on stimulus

Identification of Microbes
Recognition
Receptors Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Fixed in the genome, ie gene rearrangement is not needed

Distribution
Non-clonal, ie all cells of a class are identical

Differentiation
Pathogen vs. Commensal

Identification of Microbes
PRR
Recognize conserved molecular patterns on microbes called microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are not present on the host
Not limited to pathogens

Identify a class of microbes

LPS, LTA, peptidoglycan, lipoarabinomannan, glycans dsRNA, mannans, b-

MAMPs are often essential for microbe survival

Action Time
Immediate activation of effectors Delays need for adaptive immunity

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Three broad classes of PRRs based on expression profile, localization, function
1) PRRs that signal an infection
Include the Toll Receptor Family (TLR) Expressed external or internally Activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways
NFkB and MAP kinase signaling pathways Antimicrobial peptides (Defensins) / lysozyme, Inflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL-8, IL-1)

Regulate activation of adaptive immune response

co-stimulatory molecules

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

2) Phagocytic (endocytic) PRRs
Expressed on the surface of phagocytic cells
(MQs, PMNs, DCs)

Mediate uptake of microbe into phagocytes

3) Secreted PRRs
Secreted by MQs, epithelial cells, liver Activate C, opsonize microbial cells, function as accessory proteins for MAMP recognition

Secreted PRRs activate the Complement (C) System

Complement system is activated by innate immunity Recognition by Complement receptors (CR)
CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, C5a, C3a

Comprised of plasma proteins that when activated forms a triggered enzyme cascade
Zymogens activated by the cleavage of other proteases
Precursor enzymes

Function
Facilitates the uptake & destruction of pathogens by phagocytes Induces an inflammatory responses

Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

Leukocyte Adhesion

Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
Definition: uptake of large particles (>0.5 mm) Actin-dependent, clathrin-independent High rate & efficiency of internalization

Professional phagocytic cells

Macrophages Neutrophils

These cells have phagocytic receptors

External receptors Internal receptors
TLRs

FcR, CR3, Mannose receptor

Sistem Komplemen komponen komplemen regulasi aktivitas komplemen defisiensi komplemen

IMUNITAS

Types of Adaptive immunity

Cell-mediated immunity: Immunity mediated by T cells via:
Direct lysis of target (infected) cells Production of cytokines that activate infected cells to kill pathogens

Humoral immunity: mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

Antibodies bind to whole or fractions of antigens outside cells

Division of Labor, yet cooperative!!

T cells mediate cellular immunity:
Control of intracellular pathogens Control of tumors

B cells mediate Humoral immunity:

Control of extracellular pathogens Mediates allergy and hypersensitivity

T and B cells cooperate for effective immunity

T cell help may be needed for B cell activation and B cells may present Ag to T cells

Imunoglobulin struktur biosintesis dan metabolisme sifat biologik perkembangan dasar genetik

konsentrasi antibodi

IgG

IgG IgM

infeksi primer

IgM

infeksi sekunder