The Finite Element Method: Lecture 6 Introductory 2-Dimensional elastostatics-CST-element (Ch. 7 in The Book)

The Finite Element Method
Lecture 6; Int. 2-dim. elastostatics- CST-element

(modified 2010-01-31)
1

Lecture 6;
Introductory 2-dimensional elastostatics- CST-element
(Ch. 7 in the book)
(modified 2010-01-31)
2
Introductory 2-dimensional elastostatics

We will now start looking at 2-dimensional (linear) elastostatics, i.e. how
to use FEM to analyze in-plane loaded (linearly) elastic plates.
The by far most simple element is a triangle with 3 nodes. Since, as we
soon will see, such an element only can describe a constant stress/strain
state, we call it a Constant Strain Triangle, or in short a CST-element.
(modified 2010-01-31)
3
CST-element

x
Before entering into details about how this element works, we will first
shortly review some basic relations from 2-dim. Solid Mechanics.
y
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
We do not use any
local/elementwise
coordinate system-
only the global one!
Counter-
clockwise node
numbering
Please observe!
Instead of using the
node numbers i, j
and m as they do in
the book, we keep to
ordinary numbers,
i.e. 1, 2 and 3.
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
(modified 2010-01-31)
4
Basic relations

For a rod element we had the following basic strain- and material
relations to work with

Let us now see what the corresponding relations look like for a 2D-case!
e
u
e
o
e
c
e
E
e
dx d /
(modified 2010-01-31)
5
Basic relations; cont.

Strain relations

x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
e e
xye
e
ye
e
xe
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
= c c , ,
As in 1D !
(modified 2010-01-31)
6

Strain relations; cont.

x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
e e
xye
e
ye
e
xe
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
= c c , ,
x
1
|
y
dx
x
v
e
c
c
dx
dy
dy
y
u
e
c
c
2
|
For small angles we have
y
u
x
v
e e
c
c
= ~
c
c
= ~
2 2 1 1
tan , tan | | | |
which gives
1 2
| | + ~
xye
i.e. the usual expression!
(modified 2010-01-31)
7

Strain relations; cont.

x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
e e
xye
e
ye
e
xe
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
= c c , ,
In matrix form we thus have

)
`
(
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
e
e
xye
ye
xe
v
u
x y
y
x
0
0
c
c
{ }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
u
{ } | |{ }
e e
u
c
c c =
{ }
e
u
called
in the book!
{ }
(modified 2010-01-31)
8

Stresses

In the same way as we packed all the strain components together in
a column matrix, we also pack all the stress components together in
a column matrix
{ }
=
xye
ye
xe
e
t
o
o
o
(modified 2010-01-31)
9

Until now we have thus got
{ }
e
u { }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
o
where
(modified 2010-01-31)
10

{ }
e
u { }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
o
{ }
)
`
=
e
e
e
v
u
u
(modified 2010-01-31)
11

{ }
e
u { }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
o
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
= c
x y
y
x
0
0
c
(modified 2010-01-31)
12
{ }
e
u { }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
o
{ }
=
xye
ye
xe
e
c
c
c
(modified 2010-01-31)
13

{ }
e
u { }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
o
material relation
(constitutive matrix)
remains to be fixed !
(modified 2010-01-31)
14
{ }
e
u { }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
o
{ }
=
xye
ye
xe
e
t
o
o
o
(modified 2010-01-31)
15

Material relation

For a plane stress case (thin plates) we get from Hooke's law
(isotropic material behavior)
G E E
xy
xy x y y y x x
t
uo o c uo o c = = = , ) (
1
, ) (
1
i.e.
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E
t
o
o
v
v
u
c
c
) 1 ( 2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
) 1 ( 2 v +
=
E
G
At the derivation of the
constitutive matrix we
skip for simplicity the
index e!
(modified 2010-01-31)
16

Material relation; cont.

(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E
t
o
o
v
v
u
c
c
) 1 ( 2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
)
`
=
)
`
)
`

=
)
`
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
E
E
c
c
u
u
v
o
o
o
o
u
u
c
c
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
xy xy xy
xy
xy
xy
E E
E G
v
u
v
t
t
v
t
) 1 ( 2
) 1 (
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( 2
2
=
+
=
+
= =
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E
c
c
v
v
u
v
t
o
o
2 / ) 1 ( 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
We thus get
(modified 2010-01-31)
17

| |
(
(
(
=
2 / ) 1 ( 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
v
v
u
v
E
E
e
{ }
e
u { }
e
c
| |
c
c
{ }
e
o
| |
e
E
In the book the symbol [D] is used for the constitutive matrix, but since we
already have made use of that symbol for the global displacements, we will
instead called the constitutive matrix [E]e !
Eq. 7.5 in the book
Plane stress
Please observe!
For a plane strain
case
(typically valid for
thick plates)
we will get another
constitutive matrix,
see the book
(modified 2010-01-31)
18
The transformation diagram for a CST-element

We will eventually, for our 2-dim. case, use MPE to derive the final
transformation diagram. As input we then need the lower part of
transformation diagram and the material relation. By putting what we so
far have got into the general structure, we get
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
where
?
| |
e
k
| | K
(modified 2010-01-31)
19
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
Transf.diag. for a CST-element; cont.

Fixed (see above) !
?
| |
e
k
| | K
(modified 2010-01-31)
20

{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
As before!
?
| |
e
k
| | K
(modified 2010-01-31)
21

{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
{ } | |
T
e e e e e e e
v u v u v u d
3 3 2 2 1 1
=
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
?
| |
e
k
| | K
(modified 2010-01-31)
22
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
Must be fixed
(first we take care of [N]e and then we get
[B]e by differentiation) !
?
| |
e
k
| | K
(modified 2010-01-31)
23
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
Finally, we get these by MPE!
?
| |
e
k
| | K
?
(modified 2010-01-31)
24
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
?
| |
e
k
| | K
Finding [N]e
We will for a CST-element assume that the
displacements ue och ve vary linearly over the
element. This is achieved, as for the rod case, by
interpolating between the nodal values with
linear shape functions, which build up the
shape function matrix [N]e (see next page)
(modified 2010-01-31)
25
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
?
| |
e
k
| | K
Finding [N]e; cont.
=
)
`
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e e
e e e
e
e
v
u
v
u
v
u
N N N
N N N
v
u
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
{ }
e
u | |
e
N
{ }
e
d The structure of [N]e
(modified 2010-01-31)
26
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
Define the shape function N1e by
y x N
e e e e 1 1 1 1
| o + + =
where the 3 parameters 1e, 1e and
1e are chosen such that N1e is 1 at
its "own" node, and 0 at the other, i.e.
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
1 ) , (
3 3 1
2 2 1
1 1 1
=
=
=
e e e
e e e
e e e
y x N
y x N
y x N
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
1
Finding [N]e; cont.
The parameters can thus be found
from the following eq. system
(
(
(
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
e
e
e
e e
e e
e e
y x
y x
y x
|
o
the same ansatz as in the
book, except for a constant
(modified 2010-01-31)
27
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
1
Finding [N]e; cont.
(
(
(
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
e
e
e
e e
e e
e e
y x
y x
y x
|
o
=
=
(
(
(
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e e e e e e e
e
e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
A
x x x x x x
y y y y y y
x y y x x y y x x y y x
A
2 3
3 2
3 2 3 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 1 3 3 2
2 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2
1
1
1
2
1
0
0
1
2
1
|
o
dr
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( 2
2 1 3 1 3 2
3 2 1 2 3 1
2 3 1 3 2 3 2
e e e e e e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e e e
y y x y y x
y y x x x y
y y x x y y x A
+ +
+ = +
+ =
(modified 2010-01-31)
28
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
1
Finding [N]e; cont.
) ( ) ( ) ( 2
2 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 1 e e e e e e e e e e
y y x y y x y y x A + + =
See 2Ae as a constant,
where Ae is equal to the
area of the element (see
below)
Rewritten
| |
=
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
y x
A
N
2 3
3 2
3 2 3 2
1
1
2
1
c.f. Eq. 7.16
in the book
(modified 2010-01-31)
29
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
1
Finding [N]e; cont.
Ae
a
b
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
e e e e e e e e e
e e e e e e e e
e
y y x y y x y y x
x x y y y y x x
b a b a A
e b a b a
b b
a a
e e e
b a
2 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 1
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
1 2 2 1
3 1 2 2 1
2 1
2 1
3 2 1
2
0
0
+ + =
= =
= =
= =
Same expression as before!
(modified 2010-01-31)
30
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
y x N
e e e e 2 2 2 2
| o + + =
0 ) , (
1 ) , (
0 ) , (
3 3 2
2 2 2
1 1 2
=
=
=
e e e
e e e
e e e
y x N
y x N
y x N
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
2
Finding [N]e; cont.
Define the shape function N2e by
(
(
(
0
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3 3
2 2
1 1
e
e
e
e e
e e
e e
y x
y x
y x
|
o
(modified 2010-01-31)
31
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
2
Finding [N]e; cont.
(
(
(
0
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3 3
2 2
1 1
e
e
e
e e
e e
e e
y x
y x
y x
|
o
=
=
(
(
(
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e
e
e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
A
x x x x x x
y y y y y y
A
3 1
1 3
1 3 1 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 1 3 3 2
2 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2
2
2
2
2
1
0
1
0
2
1
|
o
(modified 2010-01-31)
32
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
2
Finding [N]e; cont.
| |
=
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
y x
A
N
3 1
1 3
1 3 1 3
2
1
2
1
Rewritten
(modified 2010-01-31)
33
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
y x N
e e e e 3 3 3 3
| o + + =
1 ) , (
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
3 3 3
2 2 3
1 1 3
=
=
=
e e e
e e e
e e e
y x N
y x N
y x N
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
3
Finding [N]e; cont.
Finally, define the shape function N3e by
(
(
(
1
0
0
1
1
1
3
3
3
3 3
2 2
1 1
e
e
e
e e
e e
e e
y x
y x
y x
|
o
(modified 2010-01-31)
34
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
3
Finding [N]e; cont.
(
(
(
1
0
0
1
1
1
3
3
3
3 3
2 2
1 1
e
e
e
e e
e e
e e
y x
y x
y x
|
o
=
=
(
(
(
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e
e
e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
A
x x x x x x
y y y y y y
A
1 2
2 1
2 1 2 1
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 1 3 3 2
2 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2
3
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
2
1
|
o
(modified 2010-01-31)
35
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
1
e
N
3
Finding [N]e; cont.
Rewritten
| |
=
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
y x
A
N
1 2
2 1
2 1 2 1
3
1
2
1
(modified 2010-01-31)
36
Finding [B]e
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
When we now have fixed [N]e,
it's time to do [B]e) !
?
| |
e
k
| | K
(modified 2010-01-31)
37
Finding [B]e; cont.
| | | || |
(
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
= c =
x
N
y
N
x
N
y
N
x
N
y
N
y
N
y
N
y
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
N N N
N N N
x y
y
x
N B
e e e e e e
e e e
e e e
e e e
e e e
e e
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
c
the derivatives
can be found on
the next page!
(modified 2010-01-31)
38
Finding [B]e; cont.
| |
=
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
y x
A
N
1 2
2 1
2 1 2 1
3
1
2
1
| |
=
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
y x
A
N
3 1
1 3
1 3 1 3
2
1
2
1
| |
=
e e
e e
e e e e
e
e
x x
y y
x y y x
y x
A
N
2 3
3 2
3 2 3 2
1
1
2
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
e e
e
e
e e
e
e
e e
e
e
e e
e
e
e e
e
e
e e
e
e
x x
A y
N
x x
A y
N
x x
A y
N
y y
A x
N
y y
A x
N
y y
A x
N
1 2
3
3 1
2
2 3
1
2 1
3
1 3
2
3 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
(modified 2010-01-31)
39
Finding the equilibrium equations and the stiffnesses
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
Finally, fix these by using MPE!
The only difference compared to the rod case
is that we now, in addition to concentrated
loads, also can have line loads (and actually
also volumic loads, which we however don't
pay any attention here)
?
| |
e
k
| | K
?
(modified 2010-01-31)
40
{ } | | { } { } { } | |
{ } | | | | | | { } { } { } { } { }
{ } | | | | | | | | | | { }
{ } { } | | | | { }
|
.
|
\
|

}
+
|
.
|
\
|

=
=
}

|
.
|
\
|

=
=
)
`
}

|
.
|
\
|

= + =
=
=
=
ds f N C F D
D V C B E B C D
ds f u F D V d B E B d
ds
f
f
v u F D V E W U
line
T
e
e
T
e conc
T
el no
e
e e e e
T
e
T
e
T
line
e
T
e conc
T
el no
e
e e e e
T
e
T
e
line y
line x
conc
T
el no
e
e e e
T
e
1
1
,
,
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
c c t
{ }
| | | | | | | | | | { } { }
=
|
.
|
\
|

=
c
c
=
0
:
0
0
:
0
1
F D V C B E B C
D
el no
e
e e e e
T
e
T
e
t
Finding the equilibrium equations and the stiffnesses; cont.
i.e.
{ } { } { }
line conc
F F F + =
{ }
line
F
(modified 2010-01-31)
41
| | | | | | | |
| |
| |
| |
{ } { } | | | | { } ds f N C F D C V B E B C
line
T
e
e
T
e conc
K
el no
e
e
k
e e e
T
e
T
e
e
}
+ =
=

1
{ }

e
f
Finding the equilibrium equations and the stiffnesses; cont.
{ }

F
(modified 2010-01-31)
42
Finding the equilibrium equations and
the stiffnesses; cont.
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
MPE
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
| |
e
k
| | K
where as usual (note that Ve=Ae*te)
| |
e
T
e
V B
| |
e
T
e
C
(modified 2010-01-31)
43
A last comment

A CST-element is the simplest 2-dim. element, and can in some
situations work very poorly! However, it is perfect as an introduction to
FEM for multi-dim. elastostatics.

The Finite Element Method: Lecture 6 Introductory 2-Dimensional elastostatics-CST-element (Ch. 7 in The Book)

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The Finite Element Method: Lecture 6 Introductory 2-Dimensional elastostatics-CST-element (Ch. 7 in The Book)

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The Finite Element Method

Lecture 6; Int. 2-dim. elastostatics- CST-element

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