BASIC CHEMISTRY CHM 138 CHAPTER 1: UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties.

liquid nitrogen

gold ingots

silicon crystals

DIMENSIONS
Defined as:

Any physical quantities that can be measured by measuring devices. There are 2 types of dimension: 1.Basic dimension
o o

The simplest and the most basic physical quantities There are 7 basic dimensions: - Length (L) - mass (m) - time (t) - temperature (T) - amount of substances (n) - luminous intensity (I) - electrical current

2. Derived dimensions o The compound physical quantities that are obtained by combining basic physical by multiplying / dividing the basic dimensions.
Derived dimensions Area Combination of Basic dimensions Length x length

Volume
Speed Force Density Pressure

Length x length x length

Length / time (mass x length) / (time x time) Mass / (length x length x length) Mass / (time x time)

International System of Units (SI)

S.I system of units Dimension Symbol of dimension Name of unit Basic SI Units length mass time temperature Amount of substance L m t T n meter kilogram second Kelvin, degree celcius mole Derived SI Units Energy Force Power Velocity Acceleration Pressure Density E F P V a P Joule Newton watt Meter per second Meter per second squared Newton per meter squared, Pascal Kilogram per cubic meter J / Nm N W /J/s m.s-1 m.s-2 N.m-2 Pa Kg.m-3 Kg.m2.s-2 Kg.m.s-2 Kg.m2.s-3 m Kg s K, C mol Symbol of unit Definition of unit

American Engineering system of units Dimension Symbol of dimension Name of unit Basic SI Units Symbol of unit Definition of unit

length mass
force time temperature Amount of substance

L m
F t T n

Feet Pound mass

Pound force Second Degree Rankie, Degree Fahrenheit mole Derived SI Units

ft Ibm
Ibf S R F Ib mol

Energy Force Power Velocity Acceleration Pressure Density

E F P V a P

Foot pound force Pound force Horsepower feet per second feet per second squared Pound force per second inch Pound mass per cubic foot

Ft.Ibf Ibf hp ft.s-1 ft.s-2 Psi Ibm.ft-3

Quantity
Mass
Length

Equivalent Values
1 kg = 1000 g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 Ibm = 35.27392 oz 1 Ibm = 16 oz = 5 x 10-4 ton = 453.593 g = 0.453593 kg
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 microns (m) = 1010 angstroms (A) = 39.37 in. = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile 1 ft = 12 in. = 1/3 yd = 0.304 m = 30.48 cm 1 m3 = 1000 L = 106 cm3 = 106 mL = 35.3145 ft3 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 gal = 1056.68 qt 3 1 ft = 1728 in.3 = 7.4805 gal = 0.028317 m3 = 28.317 L = 28,317 cm3 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2 = 105 dynes = 105 g.cm/s2 = 0.22481 Ibf 1 Ibf = 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2 = 4.4482 N = 4.4482 x 105 dynes

Volume

Force

Pressure

1 atm = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2 (Pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 x 106 dynes/cm2 = 760 mm Hg = 14.696 Ibf/in.2 (psi) = 33.9 ft = 29.921 in. Hg
1 J = 1 N.m = 107 ergs = 107 dyne.cm = 2.778 x 10-7 kW.h = 0.23901 cal = 0.7376 ft-Ibf = 9.486 x 10-4 Btu 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 0.7376 ft.Ibf/s = 9.486 x 10-4 Btu/s = 1.341 x 10-3 hp

Energy

power

1 year = 365 days 1 day = 24 hours 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 minute = 60 seconds 30 days = 1 month 1 year = 12 month 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 m = 39.37 in 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile = 1760 yards 3 feet = 1 yard 12 inches = 1 feet

1 qt = 0.946 L 1 gal = 3.785 L 1 L = 33.81 fl oz 1 fl oz = 29.57 ml 1 L = 1.057 qt

1 oz = 28.35 g 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 g = 15.43 grains

MASS AND WEIGHT

Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass. mass measure of the quantity of matter

SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)

1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = c x mass
on earth, c = 1.0
on moon, c ~ 0.1

A 1 kg bar will weigh

1 kg on earth
0.1 kg on moon

VOLUME
Volume SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 1 mL = 1 cm3

DENSITY
Density SI derived unit for density is kg/m3 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3 m mass d= V density = volume
EXAMPLE:
A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?

m d= V
m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

Ex. 1.1

Ex. 1.2

A Comparison of Temperature Scales

Three temperature scales: i) ii)
0F 0C

degrees Fahrenheit degrees Celcius

iii) K - Kelvin

K = oC + 273.15
oF

9 oF o oF x C + 32 5 oC 5 oC 9 oF

oC

= (oF 32oF) x

Example:

Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.

0C

= 5 x (0F 32) 9 0C = 5 x (172.9 32) = 78.3 9

Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon: 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 6.022 x 1023 The mass of a single carbon atom in grams: 0.0000000000000000000000199 1.99 x 10-23 N x 10n
N is a number between 1 and 10 n is a positive or negative integer

568.762 move decimal left n>0 568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 Addition or Subtraction

0.00000772 move decimal right n<0 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

1. Write each quantity with the same exponent n 2. Combine N1 and N2 3. The exponent, n, remains the same 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 = 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 = 4.70 x 104

Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2 2. Add exponents n1 and n2

(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) = ? = (4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) = 28 x 10-2 m) x (b x 10n) = (axb) x 10m+n (a x 10 = 2.8 x 10-1

Division
1. Divide N1 and N2 2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2 8.5 x 104 5.0 x 109 = ? = (8.5 5.0) x 104-9 m) (b x 10n) = (a b) x 10m-n (a x 10 = 1.7 x 10-5

Significant Figures
- The meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity.

RULES:
Any digit that is not zero is significant 1.234 kg 606 m 0.08 L 4 significant figures 3 significant figures 1 significant figure Zeros between nonzero digits are significant Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant

If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures

 If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures

Numbers that do not contain decimal points, zeros after the last nonzero digit may or may not be significant. 400 cm 1or 2 or 3 significant figures

4 x 102
4.0 x 102

1 significant figures
2 significant figures

How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?

24 mL 3001 g 0.0320 m3 6.4 x 104 molecules 560 kg 2 significant figures 4 significant figures 3 significant figures 2 significant figures 2 significant figures

Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the original numbers. 89.332 +1.1 90.432 3.70 -2.9133 0.7867 one significant figure after decimal point round off to 90.4 two significant figures after decimal point

round off to 0.79

Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original number that has the smallest number of significant figures 4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs

round to 3 sig figs

6.8 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061 2 sig figs round to 2 sig figs

Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures

The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70? 6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70 = 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7 3 Because 3 is an exact number

Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed 2. Carry units through calculation

3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit given unit

given unit x

= desired unit

Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL 1000 mL 1.63 L x = 1630 mL 1L

The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this speed in miles per hour?
conversion units meters to miles seconds to hours

1 mi = 1609 m

1 min = 60 s

1 hour = 60 min

1 mi 60 s m x x 343 s 1609 m 1 min

60 min mi x = 767 hour 1 hour