Business Data Communications and Networking

9th Edition

Jerry Fitzgerald and Alan Dennis

John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Virginia F. Kleist, Ph.D. College of Business and Economics West Virginia University
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Chapter 1

Introduction to Data Communications

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Chapter 1 Outline
Brief history of Data Communications
Communications, Information Systems and the Internet

Data Communications Networks

Network components, network types

Network Models
OSI model, Internet model, transmission via layers

Network Standards
Standards making, common standards

Future Trends
Pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services
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Information Age
First Industrial Revolution
Introduction of machinery New organizational methods Changed the way people worked

Second Industrial Revolution Information Age

Introduction of computers
Introduction of networking and data communication Changed the way people worked again Faster communication Collapsing Information lag Brought people together Globalization

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The Collapsing Information Lag

Historical developments in electronic communications telegraph sped up the rate and volume of transmission of information

1850
Information took days or weeks to be transmitted

1900
Information transmitted in minutes or hours

1950

2007
large quantities of information transmitted in a fraction of a second

growth of telecommunications and especially computer networks

Globalization of networks
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Three Parts to Understanding

Networking
1. Concepts of networking
How data moves from one computer to another over a network Theories of how networks operate

2. Technologies in use today

How theories are implemented, specific products

How do they work, their use, applications

3. Management of networking technologies

Security Network Design Managing the network
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Advances in Phone Technology

first transcontinental and transatlantic Phone phone invented connections
1876
1915 1919

Telstar (Telecommunications via satellite), Fax services, digital transmission (Tcarriers)

1948 1962

Packet-switched data communications

1976 1984

1969

Strowger (stepper) switch, rotary dial phones (enabling automatic connections)

Microwave trunk lines (Canada)

Picturefone (failed commercially)

Cellular telephone

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Regulation of Inventions
FCC established
A time for technological change
1876 1885

Regulation began in the USA (ICC)

1900 1910

Carterfone court decision allowing Deregulation period non-Bell CPE

1934 1968 1970 1984 1996

AT&T

Phone invented (rapid

acceptance)

Bell System: de facto monopoly

Consent decree by US federal court

1996 US Telecom Act
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millions of phones in use in the US

MCI wins court case; begins providing some long distance services

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1984 Consent Decree

Divestiture of 1/1/84: RBOCs
AT&T broken up into one long distance company (AT&T) and 7 Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)
South US West Western Bell AT&T Bell Atlantic

AT&T

Pacific Bell Ameritech

NYNEX Bell South

Deregulation: IXCs and LECs

Competitive long distance (IXC) market; MCI & Sprint enter long distance telephone market (among others) Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) service markets remained under RBOC monopoly
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US Telecom Act of 1996

Replaced all current laws, FCC regulations, 1984 consent decree, and overrules state laws Main goal: open local markets to competition

To date, though, local and long distance competition slow to take hold
Large IXCs expected to move into the local markets, happening only recently Likewise, RBOCs expected to move into long distance markets, happening only recently
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Worldwide Competitive Markets

Internet market
Extremely competitive with more than 5000 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the US alone. Heavy competition in this area may lead to a shake out in the near future.

World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement (1997)

commitments by 68 countries to open, deregulate or lessen regulation in their telecom markets

Multi-national telecom companies

US companies offering services in Europe, South America European companies offering services in USA
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History of Information Systems

Batch processing mainframes Online real-time, transaction oriented systems (replaced batch processing. DBMSs become common)
1970
1980

PC LANs become common

1950

1960

1990

2000

Data communications over phone lines (became common and mainframes became multi-user systems)

PC revolution Networking everywhere

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Internet Milestones
Originally called ARPANET, the Internet began as a militaryacademic network
1969 1983

NSFNet created as US Internet backbone

commercial access to the Internet begins

1990
1994 2007

1986

ARPANET splits: Milnet - for military Internet - academic, education and research purposes only

Government funding of the backbone ends

Worldwide: Over 1 billion Internet users

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Datacom Basics
Telecommunications =
Transmission of voice, video, and/or data - Implies longer distances - Broad term

Data Communications =
Movement of computer information by means of electrical or optical transmission systems

convergence Broadband Communications

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Components of a Local Area Network

To other networks (e.g., Internet)

Servers
File Server

Router

HUB

Web Server

Client
Computers

Circuits
Print Server Printer

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Network Types (based on Scale)

Local Area Networks (LAN) - room, building
a group of PCs that share a circuit.

Backbone Networks (BN) - less than few kms

a high speed backbone linking together organizational LANs at various locations.

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (more than

a few kms)
connects LANs and BNs across different locations Often uses leased lines or other services used to transmit data.

Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (far greater than

10 kms)
Same as MAN except wider scale
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LANs and Backbones, Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks

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Intranet vs. Extranet

Intranet
A LAN that uses the Internet technologies within an organization Open only those inside the organization Example: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranet

Extranet
A LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an organization including some external constituents Open only those invited users outside the organization Accessible through the Internet Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company over an extranet
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Layered Implementation of Communications Functions

Applications Applications

Single layer implementation

-Networking with large components is complex to understand and implement

OS

OS

Applications OS

Applications OS

Multi layer implementation

-Breaking down into smaller components -Easier to implement
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Multi-layer Network Models

The two most important such network models: OSI and Internet

Open Systems Interconnection Model

Created by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a framework for computer network standards in 1984 Based on 7 layers

Internet Model
Created by DARPA originally in early 70s Developed to solve to the problem of internetworking Based on 5 layers Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite
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7-Layer Model of OSI

Physical DataLink Network Transport Session Presentation Application Please Do Not Touch Steves Pet Alligators

Application Layer
set of utilities used by application programs

Presentation Layer
formats data for presentation to the user provides data interfaces, data compression and translation between different data formats

Session Layer
initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session between sender and receiver
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7-Layer Model of OSI

Transport Layer
deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiver

Network Layer
responsible for making routing decisions

Data Link Layer

deals with message delineation, error control and network medium access control

Physical Layer
defines how individual bits are formatted to be transmitted through the network
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Internets 5-Layer Model

Physical DataLink Network Transport Application Please Do Not Touch Alligators

Application Layer
used by application program

Transport Layer
responsible for establishing end-to-end connections, translates domain names into numeric addresses and segments messages

Network Layer - same as in OSI model

Data Link Layer - same as in OSI model Physical Layer - same as in OSI model
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Comparison of Network Models

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Message Transmission Using Layers

sender
Applications

receiver
Applications

A receiving layer wraps incoming message with an envelope Adds layer related addressing information
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A receiving layer removes the layer related envelope and forwards the message up
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Protocols
Used by Network model layers

Sets of standardized rules to define how to communicate at each layer and how to interface with adjacent layers
Layer N+1 Layer N Layer N-1
sender receiver
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Layer N+1 Layer N Layer N-1

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Message Transmission Example

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Points about Network Layer View

Layers allow simplicity of networking in some ways
Easy to develop new software that fits each layer Relatively simple to change the software at any level

Matching layers communicate between different computers and computer platforms

Accomplished by standards that we all agree on e.g., Physical layer at the sending computer must match up with the same layer in the receiving computer

Somewhat inefficient
Involves many software packages and packets Packet overhead (slower transmission, processing time) Interoperability achieved at the expense of perfectly streamlined communication
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Standards
Importance
Provide a fixed way for hardware and/or software systems (different companies) to communicate Help promote competition and decrease the price

Types of Standards
Formal standards
Developed by an industry or government standardsmaking body De-facto standards

Emerge in the marketplace and widely used

Lack official backing by a standards-making body
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Standardization Processes
Specification
Developing the nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressed

Identification of choices
Identifying solutions to the problems and choose the optimum solution

Acceptance
Defining the solution, getting it recognized by industry so that a uniform solution is accepted
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Major Standards Bodies

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces Composed of each countrys national standards orgs. Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecom Group

Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data communications interfaces Composed of representatives from each country in UN Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)
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Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Coordinating organization for US (not a standardsmaking body) www.ansi.org

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)

Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards standards.ieee.org

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

Develops Internet standards No official membership (anyone welcome) www.ietf.org
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Some Data Comm. Standards

Layer
5. Application layer 4. Transport layer

Common Standards
HTTP, HTML (Web) MPEG, H.323 (audio/video) IMAP, POP (e-mail) TCP (Internet) SPX (Novell LANs)

3. Network layer

IP (Internet) IPX (Novell LANs)

Ethernet (LAN) Frame Relay (WAN) PPP (dial-up via modem for MAN) RS-232c cable (LAN) Category 5 twisted pair (LAN) V.92 (56 kbps modem)
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2. Data link layer

1. Physical layer

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Emerging Trends in Networking

Pervasive Networking

Integration of Voice, Video and Data

New Information Services

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Pervasive Networking
Means Networks will be everywhere

Exponential growth of Network use

Many new types of devices will have network capability

Exponential growth of data rates for all kinds of networking

Broadband communications
Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)

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Relative Capacities of Telephone, LAN, BN, WAN, and Internet Circuits.

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Integration of Voice, Video & Data

Also called Convergence
Networks that were previously transmitted using separate networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near future

First step largely complete

Integration of voice and data

Next step
Video merging with voice and data Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for video
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New Information Services

World Wide Web based
Many new types of information services becoming available Services that help ensure quality of information received over www

Application Service Providers (ASPs)

Develop specific systems for companies such as providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have one of its own

Information Utilities (Future of ASPs)

Providing a wide range of info services (email, web, payroll, etc.) (similar to electric or water utilities)
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Implications for Management

Embrace change and actively seek to use new aspects of networks toward improving your organization
Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytime Information accessed by customers and competitors globally

Use a set of industry standard technologies

Can easily mix and match equipment from different vendors Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologies Smaller cost by using a few well known standards
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Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.
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