1

Introduction to Aircraft
Engines
Tieying Wu
2
Aircraft Engines
3
Starting
Instructor: Tieying Wu
Email: tieying_wu@yahoo.com
Office: #504
Text Books
The Jet Engines
Rolls Royce

,
4

5
After learning this course
You should be able to
Know types of aeronautical engines
Have knowledge about aircraft
engine concepts
Be familiar with structures and
strength
Understand how they work
Performance
6
Program
Introduction
Ch1 Aerothermodynamics Basis
Ch2 Principle of Turbo-Engines
Ch3 Turbo-Engine Components
Ch4 Turbo-Engine Performance
Summary
7
Evaluation
Assignments 30%
Coping is not allowed
Hand-in in time
Final Exam 70%
Be honest
8
Introduction
9
Types of Aircraft Engines
Turbojet
Turboshaft
Turboprop
One Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan
Two Spool Unmixed Flow Turbofan
Two Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan
Variable Cycle Engine
10
Engines
11
GE 90
12
Specific Fuel Consumption
13
Ratio of thrust vs weight
14
Turbo Engine
Continuous
Piston Engine
Intermittent
Comparison of TE and PE
15
Rocket structure
16
Chapter 1
Aerothermodynamics in Gas
Turbine Engine
17
Ch 1 Aerothermodynamics in
Gas Turbine Engine
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
Aerodynamics fundamental equations
1, Continuity equation
2, Energy equation
3, Bernoullis equation
4, Sound speed and Mach number
5, Stagnation parameters of flow and aerodynamic functions
6, Equation of momentum
7, Equation of moment of momentum
8, Shockwaves and expansion waves
18
1, Equation of state of ideal gas
Ideal gas
Gas molecule has only a mass but
not volume
There is no attractive force between
the molecules
Ideal gas does NOT exist
Idealization for real gas
1.1 First law of thermodynamics
19
1, Equation of state of ideal gas
pv = RT (1-1)
p PressureN/m
v Specific volumem/kg
T Temperature K
R Gas constantJ/kgK (287.1
for air and 288 for gas)
1.1 First law of thermodynamics
20
States of gas
Parameters
T
p
v
Etc.

1. Equation of state of ideal gas
21
Process
From one state to another
Physical phenomena
Work
Heat
Etc.

1. Equation of state of ideal gas
22
State 1
State 2
State vs moment
Process vs duration
1. Equation of state of ideal gas
23
2. Specific heat and heat
Heat
Heat is a form of energy exchange


(1-2)



) ( 1 2 T T mc Q =
HeatJ
Subs masskg
Temperature after heat exchangeK
SHJ/kgK
1.1 First law of thermodynamics
24
2. Specific heat & heat
Specific heat
Heat needed to increase T of 1K for
1kg of substance
Dependent on substance,
temperature and process
Specific heat at constant volume


) ( 1 2 T T mc Q v v =
25
2. Specific heat & heat (Cont'd)
Specific heat at constant pressure



For certain substanceCv, Cp are
function of temperature.
) ( 1 2 T T mc Q p p =
26
2. Specific heat & heat (Cont'd)
Ratio of specific heats

(1-4)

In air 1.4; in gas 1.33
v p c c / =
27
2. Specific heat & heat (Cont'd)
28
3. Specific internal energy
Summation of molecule average kinetic
and potential energy
Potential energy for ideal gas = 0
Specific internal energy of ideal gas is
function of temperature

u = u(T) J/kg (1-5)

1.1 First law of thermodynamics
29
3. Specific internal energy
Heating gas in container of constant
volume


Cv average specific heat (volume)
Internal energy increase
1-6
No sense for absolute value of internal
energy
) ( ) ( 1 2
2
1
T T c dT T c q v
T
T
v v = =
}
) ( 1 2 T T c q u v v = = A
30
4. Work
Mechanical work
In thermal process, gas expansion
makes work to objects
Or work can compress gas
1.1 First law of thermodynamics
31
4. Work
Volume change for a unit mass gas dv
then work:
dW = pdv (1-8)
By integration
(1-9)
P constant

V constant
W = 0
}
=
2
1
v
v
pdv W
) ( 1 2 v v p W =
32
5. Enthalpy
Definition
h = u + pv J/kg (1-10)
u internal energy
pv considered as pressure potential
energy
h(T) = u(T) + RT (1-11)
Enthalpy a single value function of T.
1.1 First law of thermodynamics
33
5. Enthalpy
Example: Heating a balloon

CpSpecific heat (pressure)
heat = U + W

}
= =
2
1
) ( ) ( 1 2
T
T
p p p T T c dT T c q
) ( ) ( 1 2 1 2 v v p T T cv + =
h T T R cv A = + = ) )( ( 1 2
) ( 1 2 T T c h p = A
R c c v p + =
or R cp
1
=

Enthalpy is a parameter
of state
34
6. First law (energy conservation)
Expressions
dq = du + pdv (1-15)
Relation of heat, internal energy and
work (transform, conservation)
u = h - pv
du = dh - d(pv) = dh - pdv - vdp
or dq = dh - vdp (1-16)
1.1 First law of thermodynamics
35
}
=
2
1
1 2
p
p
vdp h h q
}
=
2
1
) ( 1 2
p
p
p vdp T T c
State ParamT,p,v,h,uIndep on path
Proc Paramq,w. dep on path
1.1 First law of thermodynamics
36
7. Thermal processes
A path between two states, continual
evolution of parameters from one state
to another
Constant volume, constant pressure,
constant temperature,
Adiabatic process (isentropic process)
Polytropic process
37
1) Constant volume
v = constant

W = 0
q = Au = C
v
(T
2
-T
1
)
Heating =Increase internal energy
Release heat =Decrease I. E.

T
T
p
p
1
2
1
2
=
38
2) Constant pressure (Isobar)
p = constant

Au = C
v
(T
2
-T
1
)
W = p(v
2
-v
1
) = R(T
2
-T
1
)
q = Au+W = C
p
(T
2
-T
1
)
Heating =Increase I. E. + Work
Fixed ratio between IE and W
T
T
v
v
1
2
1
2
=
39
3) Constant temperature
T = constant

Au = 0
q = W
W =
Heating =>Work


v
v
p
p
2
1
1
2
=
v
v
v
p
v
v
pdv
1
2
1
1
ln
2
1
}
=
40
4) Adiabatic process
q = 0
0 = + pdv dT c
v
) ( pdv vdp
R
c
dT c
v
v
+ =
0 ) ( = + +

pdv pdv vdp

c c
c
v p
v
0 = +
v
dv
p
dp

v p c c / =
RT pv =
41
4) Adiabatic process

Parameters pv

= constant
or





Ratio of specific heats, adiabatic
coefficient
I.E. =>Work
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
T
T
v
v
p
p
1
2
2
1
1
1
2

(
(
(
(

= = A =
|
|
.
|

\
|

p
p
T
T T T T
R
R
Cv u W
1
2
1
1
) (
1
) (
1
1
2 1 2 1

(1-18)
v p c c / =
42
7. Thermal processes
43
5) Irreversible and polytropic process
Reversible process
Path 1=>2 is the same as 2=>1
Uniform, no frictiongas, machine,
gas/machine
Irreversible process
Friction exists
Polytropic process
pv
n
=constant
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
T
T
v
v
p
p
n
n
n
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
44


|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
T
T
v
v
p
p
n
n
n
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
n polytropic index
Const P n=0 p=const
Const V n= v=const
Const T n=1 T=const
Adiabatic n= pv

=const
Irreversible Comp n>
Expan 1<n<
5) Irreversible and polytropic process
45
pv
n
=const,
connection at 1
Compression
W=W
n
+q
in
Expansion
W=W
n
-q
in



5) Irreversible and polytropic process
46
Work




)
1
2
1 (
1
)
1
2
1
1 (
1
) (
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
p
p
T
v
v
T
T T W
n
n
n n
n
R
n
R
n
R
(1-19)
5) Irreversible and polytropic process
47
1.2 Second law of thermodynamics
1. Entropy
Definition

J/kg.K (1-22)

T
dq
ds =
48
1. Entropy
Using p, v, T to describe entropy




(1-23)

+ =
=
+ = A
p
p
v
v
p
p
T
T
v
v
T
T
Cv Cp
R Cp
R Cv s
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln
49
1. Entropy (Cont'd)
Abstract
State param function of 2
of pvT
Used to get heat
dq = Tds J/kg
dq and ds same sign
When irreversible, q
contains q
in
(friction heat)

}
=
s
s
Tds q
2
1
50
2. Second law
Any natural thermal process is
irreversible.
Ex:
p
p
v
v
Cv Cp s
1
2
1
2
ln ln + = A
2 ln ) ( Cv Cp =
As>0
1.2 Second law of
thermodynamics
51
Without work, heat can NOT
automatically go from LT to HT or it
goes always naturally from HT to LT.
} A
=
T
dq
s
1
1
1 } A
=
T
dq
s
2
2
2
dq
dq s
T T
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
1 2
1 1
>0
T
1
>T
2
1.2 Second law of thermodynamics
52
Unique heat source engine can not be made.

Natural thermal process follows path of entropy
increase
Naturally go from ordered to unordered
Notes
Naturally
Isolated system
Can be used in other domain, such as
Social science
1.2 Second law of thermodynamics
53
Summary
Ideal gas
State, process and coefficients
I.E., Enthalpy, Entropy
First law
Second Law


54
Assignment
1. Describe characteristics of state and process parameters.
Class following parameters into state, process or other: p, v, T,
W, q, u, h, s, c(Sound speed), Cv, Cp.
2. State compression and expansion efficiency meaning, and
use diagram h-s to show the relation of work and loss.
3. How to use thermodynamic second law to explain ideal cycle?
4. When no energy added and a flow passes through a tunnel,
are the total temperature and total pressure constant? Why?
5. Try to use Newtons second law to explain how turbo-engine
to provide thrust.

Hand-in Sept. 22