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Previous lectures
Chapter 1 Theoretical basis
Thermodynamics
Aerodynamics
2
Chapter 2
Principle of Gas Turbine Engine
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Chapter 2
Principle of Gas Turbine Engine
2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of gas turbine engines
1. Ideal cycle
2. Real cycle
2.2 Thrust
1. Propulsion power and propulsion efficiency
2. Total efficiency
3. Parameter evolution along flow passage
4. Thrust distribution and delivery in components
2.3 Gas engine performance and specifications
1. Performance characteristics
2. Specifications
3. Future development
2.4 Variations of Aircraft engines
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Turbofan engine with afterburner
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5 components of turbo engines
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Compressor
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Combustion chamber
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Turbine
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2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of
gas turbine engines
1. Ideal cycle (Brayton cycle)







0-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Isobar heating
3-9 Isentropic expansion
9-0 Isobar cooling
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1. Ideal cycle (Contd)
0-2 Isentropic compression








Diffuser and compressor
0-1 speed pressure rise. 0 atmosphere
condition. Add dynamic energy to substance
and to increase pressure to 1. Area 011'0'0
presents dynamic energy difference.
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1. Ideal cycle (Contd)
0-2 Isentropic compression









1-2: compressor. Pressure from 1 to 2,
work added is the area 122'1'1.
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Bernoulli function



( ) 0
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
= + + +
}
f
W W v v
dp

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1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
2-3 Isobar heating






Combustion chamber
Burn ideally kerosene at constant pressure
in combustion chamber and substance
properties unchanged.
Total temperature T
2
*
T
3
*

15
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
3-9 Isentropic expansion








Turbine and nozzle
3-4 presents expansion in turbine,
heatmechanical energy giving to
compressor. Area 344'2'3=Area 122'1'1,
total pressure p
3
*
p
4
*
.
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1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
3-9 Isentropic expansion








4-9 complete expansion in exhaust system.
Heat changes kinetic energy in substance,
exits from the nozzle.
As diffuser, kinetic energy change can be
seen as output work.
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1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
9-0 Isobar heat release






Dash line, accomplished in
atmosphere. This process is
unavoidable, The cycle is closed.
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1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
Specific heat added in the cycle

Specific heat release

Specific work in the cycle

) (
*
2
*
3 1
T T c q
p
=
) (
0 9 2
T T c q
p
=
2 1
q q W =
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1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
Thermal efficiency in the cycle


Where pressure ratio

t
q
1
1
2 1
1
1
1

=

= =
q
q q
q
W
t
0
*
2
p
p
= t
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1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
Cycle work as mechanical energy


if W
T
=W
C

2 2
9 0
2 2
T C
v v
W W W = +
2
2
0
2
9
v v
W

=
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2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of
gas turbine engines
2. Real cycle






0-2 Compression (non isentropic)
2-3 Heating (non isobar)
3-9 Expansion (non isentropic)
9-0 Isobar heat release
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
0-2 Compression
Stagnation in diffuser and compression
in compressor have many types of
losses.
Non isentropic and n >
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
2-3 Non isobar heating
Existing flow losses and thermal
resistance losses lows the pressure in
combustion chamber.
Composition of substance changes.
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
3-9 Expansion
There are always losses in turbine and
nozzle.
Non isentropic and n < .
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
Heat added,
area 22332

Heat released,
area 00990

c
p
gas specific
heat
) (
*
2
*
3 1
T T c q
p
=
) (
0 9
'
2
T T c q
p
=
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
Efficiency


Work
2 1
q q W =
1
2 1
q
q q
t

= q
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
If T
3
* lower, q
1
=q
2
,
then q
t
=0, no output
work.
Work can be
presented by
mechanical energy,
same as ideal cycle:
2
2
0
2
9
v v
W

=
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
Under the same
pressure ratio t and
the same T
3
*, work is
smaller in real cycle
than ideal cycle.
Note that area in
diagram T-s is heat,
not work.
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
If not take account of composition
change and mass flow increase,
differences between real cycle and
ideal cycle are:
Friction and flow losses
Total pressure loss
Heating resistance
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2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
Finally, in nozzle gas kinetic energy
is smaller, velocity of air jet is
smaller.
To improve engines efficiency, use
the components of high efficiency
and high performance.
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2.2 Thrust generation
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2.2 Thrust generation
Turbo-engine thrust overcomes
airplane drag or accelerates airplane.
Usually called effective thrust.

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2.2 Thrust generation (Contd)
Thrust = momentum of air + static
pressure differences



Usually, p
9
p
0
and neglecting fuel
flow, then
) (
0 9
v v q F
m
=
) (
) ( ) (
0 9 9 0 9
0 0 0 0 9 9 0 9
p p A v q v q
p p A p p A v q v q F
m mg
m mg
+ =
+ + =
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2.2 Thrust generation (Cont'd)
1. Propulsion power and efficiency
Propulsion power Fv
0
,

v
0
flying speed
or air velocity in engine inlet.
Thermal cycle of engine produces
power
2
2
0
2
9
v v
q P
m

=
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2.2 Thrust generation (Cont'd)
Since thrust , propulsion efficiency
(percentage of propulsion power in thermal cycle
power)
2-16

Work provided by engine are divided into 2 parts:
one pushes airplane forward; another jets gas
backward. The second part is (/kg air)
) (
0 9
v v q F
m
=
0
9
2
0
2
9
0
1
2
2
v
v
v v
q
Fv
m
P
+
=

= q
2
) (
) (
2
2
0 9
0 0 9
2
0
2
9
v v
v v v
v v
=

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2.2 Thrust generation (Cont'd)
2. Total efficiency
Propulsion power over burning fuel heat


q
t
Thermal eff (0.25~0.40), q
P
propulsion eff
(0.50~0.75), total eff (0.20~0.30)
How to improve total efficiency
t
T
3
*
Bypass ratio
P t
m
q q
Fv
q q q = =
1
0
0
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2.2 Thrust generation (Cont'd)
3. Parameter evolution along air passage

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2.2 Thrust generation (Cont'd)
4. Thrust distribution in the components

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4. Thrust distribution (Cont'd)


WP6 bearing configuration1-2-0
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Summary
2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of gas
turbine engines
1. Ideal cycle
2. Real cycle
2.2 Thrust generation
1. Propulsion power and efficiency
2. Total efficiency
3. Parameter evolution along air passage
4. Thrust distribution in the components