1

Previous lectures
2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of gas
turbine engines
1. Ideal cycle
2. Real cycle
2.2 Thrust generation
1. Propulsion power and efficiency
2. Total efficiency
3. Parameter evolution along air passage
4. Thrust distribution in the components
2
2.3 Characteristics and specification of
engine performance
1. Characteristics of performance
aThrust F
Thrust is the most important character.
Unit: N (Newton) or daN
Hundreds to >10s k daN
3
1. Characteristics
a Thrust F
For jet engines, thrust cannot be
directly equivalent to power.



Roughly P= 450m/s F.

2 2
) (
2
0 9 0 9
0 9
2
0
2
9
v v
F
v v
v v q
v v
q P
m m
+
=
+
=

=
4
1. Characteristics
b Specific thrust F
s
Thrust over air mass flow.

daN.s/kg


On test bed, v
0
=0, v
9
is specific thrust.
0 9
0 9
) (
v v
q
v v q
q
F
F
m
m
m
s
=

= =
5
1. Characteristics
bSpecific thrust F
s
Its important.
Mass flow determines dimension and weight
of an engine. For a certain size and weight,
the bigger F
s
is, the bigger is the total thrust.
In general, at test bed, F
s
of a jet-engine is
around 60~75daN.skg at full power.
6
1. Characteristics
3Ratio of thrust/weight

F
W
, On ground (zero speed), ratio of
the thrust at maximum power over
the weight of engine .
7
1. Characteristics
3Ratio of thrust/weight

This ratio is an important
characteristic which represents
design quality of aerodynamics,
thermodynamics and structure of an
engine.
Turbojet3.5~4
Turbojet afterburner5~6
Turbofan afterburner8
Fourth generation10
8
1. Characteristics
4Frontal area thrust

Ratio of total thrust over biggest frontal area
of the engine, F
A

The area determines drag.
Unit: N/m
2
or daN/m
2.
800010000daN/m
2

Important for fighters
9
1. Characteristics
5SFC (Specific Fuel Consumption)

Consumption of fuel per hour to generate 10
Newton of trust. This is an economic
characteristic.

2-26

hereq
mf
consumption of kerosenekgs
sfc: kghdaN or kghN
Under ground, turbojet: 0.8~1.0kghdaN
Turbofan: 0.5~0.6kghdaNeven less

F
q
sfc
mf
3600
=
10
1.5sfc
Using f=q
mf
/q
m
, ratio of fuel and air,
then





s
F
f
sfc
3600
=
11
1.5sfc
Lower heating value of kerosene LHV
Jkg

hereq
1
heat added to 1 kg of air
Jkg.
then
1
q q LHV q
m mf
=
s
m
F LHV
q
F LHV
q q
sfc

=
1 1
3600 3600
12
1.5sfc
According to total efficiency q
1
/f
s
=v
0
/q
0

we have



c
0
local sound speed
M
0
flying Mach number
0
0 0
0
0
3600 3600
q q
M
LHV
c
LHV
v
sfc = =
13
1.5sfc

C
0
depends on local T. T+ C
0
+ sfc+
Given M
0
, sfc reversely proportional to
total efficiency. sfc is function of flying
speed.
0
0 0
0
0
3600 3600
q q
M
LHV
c
LHV
v
sfc = =
14
1. Characteristics
Total thrust satisfies ONLY
requirement of the airplane.
Other 4 characteristics evaluate
performance of engine, also that of
airplane. They are all specific. For one
daN of thrust:
1F
s
Air flow
1F
W
Weight
1F
A
Frontal area
sfc

Consumption per hour
15
1. Characteristics
Other characteristics
Starting process
Acceleration
Stability
Reliability
Etc.
16
2.3 Characteristics & Specifications
2. Specifications
High ratio of thrust over weight
Small frontal area
Low sfc
Stable
Reliable
Low cost
17
2. Specifications
1 |F
W
, + F
A
The greater is the diameter, the
heavy is the engine. Two parameters
are considered together, but F
W
is
more important.
Specially for military use
18
2. Specifications
1 |F
W
, + F
A
Fighter no longer high altitude, fast; but
good maneuverability.
Maneuverability depends on the thrust
and weight of airplane where the
engines are installed.
Engines weight influences airplanes
weight.
19
2. Specifications
1 |F
W
, + F
A
Nowadays, fighters with good
maneuverability have ratio of thrust over
weight greater than 1.1. This requires that
engine has the ratio of greater than 8. If
ratio is 5, airplane will be heavier
(40%~80%) than 8 for the same distance.
Next generation F
W
>10.
20
2. Specifications
1 |F
W
, + F
A
F
W
depends on aerodynamics and
thermodynamics design, new
materials and reasonable structure
design.
21
2. Specifications
2+ sfc

Lower sfc, less consumption, more
economic.
Petrol will be exhausted, price
increases
For fighters, longer distance and
time in air. It may be decisive for a
combat.
22
2. Specifications
2+ sfc
For civilian airliners or transporters,
this is more important. Longer distance
and time in air, more charge, lower
cost.
Therefore, we always try to lower sfc.
23
2. Specifications
3|stability
Stability is from point of view of
aerodynamics and thermodynamics.
Engine may go out of the surge line.
Airflow oscillation may stop the
engine. Parts may be overheated,
etc.
24
2. Specifications
3|stability
Starting and accelerating could enter
in surge range.
For fighters, flight envelop map
means aircrafts performance.
Maneuvers depend also on engines
stability.
25
2. Specifications
4|reliability
Reliability is based on structural
strength, integrity.
Life
Time between shop visits
26
2. Specifications
4|reliability
Time between shop visits
For fighter, 100-400h. Too long
may reduce other performance.
For civilian, 5k-10kh.
27
2. Specifications
4|reliability
With development of detection
technologies, many sensors are
installed in engines. They can give
us an accuracy information for
maintenance or replacements of
parts.
28
2. Specifications
4|reliability
We must say: no one of transportations
is absolute safe. Normally reliability
includes 2 parts:
Accident ratio, number of accidents due to
engine failure in one million working hours;
Ratio of unpredicted replacements
(Shorter life).
29
2. Specifications
5 +Cost
Kerosene (fuel)
Price
Maintenancehours, materials,
parts, equipments, etc.
30
2. Specifications
There are relations among above
points
Trade-off design according to
requirements.
31
2.3 Characteristics and specification
3. Development tendency
Insure stability and reliability
Increase engines performance
| F
s
+ sfc
32
3. Development tendency
From formula



We obtain


W| F
s
|
0 9
v v F
s
=
2
2
0
2
9
v v
W

=
0
2
0
2 v v W F
s
=
33
3. Development tendency
Formula




We obtain

) (
*
2
*
3
'
1
T T
c
q
b
p
=
q
s
HuF
q
sfc
1
3600
=
s b
p
HuF
T T c
sfc
q
) ( 3600
*
2
*
3
'

=
34
3. Development tendency
Work




where
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

1
1
1
) ( ) (
1
0
1
*
3
'
0
*
2 9
*
3
'

t
t
T c T c
T T c T T c W
p p
p p
0
*
2
p
p
= t
35
3. Development tendency
Let

then


and

t
1
= e
0
*
3
T
T
= u
( )
|
.
|

\
|
= 1 1
0
e
e T c W
p
u
( ) e T
T
T
T
T
T T T =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= u
0
0
*
2
0
*
3
0
*
2
*
3
36
3. Development tendency









hereq
b
combustion efficiency
0
2
0 0
) 1 )( 1 ( 2 v v
e
e T c F
p s
+ =
u
0
2
0 0
0
) 1 )( 1 ( 2
3600
v v
e
e T c
e
Hu
T c
sfc
p
b
p
+

=
u
u
q

t
1
= e
0
*
3
T
T
= u
37
3. Development tendency
38
3. Development tendency
T
3
*F
s

For given T
3
*exists an optimal t to
minimize sfc.
39
3. Development tendency






40
F135
Pratt & Whitney F135 Power for the
Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
(JSF) which will replace the F-16 Fighting
Falcon, A-10 Thunderbolt II, AV-8B
Harrier, and F/A-18 Hornet.
Thrust 40 000 lb
No afterburner
Production deliveries of the engine will
begin in 2008.
41
F135
An evolution of the F119 that powers the
F/A-22 Raptor, the F135 will serve the
U.S. Air Force, Navy, Marines and
Britain's Royal Navy and Air Force, as
well as other international customers.
The same F135 engine will be able to
power the aircraft in all of its variants
conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL),
carrier variant (CV), and short
takeoff/vertical landing (STOVL).
42
F119
43
F135
The F135 engine will cost 35 percent
less to own than legacy systems.
It will require 30 to 50 percent fewer
maintenance technicians and 50 percent
fewer airlift assets in deployment. The
F135 is also designed to reduce the time
for fault detection and repair by 94
percent and increase the time between
shop visits by 225 percent over legacy
systems. And its designed for growth
and flexibility for decades.
44
F135
The F135 has a unique Integrated Lift
Fan Propulsion System (ILFPS) for the
STOVL variant of the JSF.
The F135 will power the flights of all
three variants of the F-35. Over 2,500
aircraft could be produced over the life of
the program.
45
F135