NMR-DEFINATION

NMR can be defined as an effect in which magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field absorbed and reemit electromagnetic energy which is at a specific resonance frequency which depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the electronic environment and the kind of neighboring atoms.

DEFINATION CONT
This allows the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of a nucleus. Note that with NMR we are performing experiments on the nuclei of atoms and not the electrons.

NMR-INTRODUCTION
The nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons. These protons and neutrons spin about their axis and hence posses magnetic moments. Electrons are located around the nucleus on orbitals and also spin on their axis.

INTRODUCTION CONT
Stable isotopes contain an odd number of protons and/or neutrons have an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum referred to as non-zero spin. Nuclides with even number of protons and neutrons have a spin of zero (no NMR spectrum).

INTRODUCTION CONT
The most commonly studied nuclei are 1H,3H and13C. Note that the key feature of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field.

INTRODUCTION CONT
It is this externally applied magnetic field that induce transitions among various nuclear magnetic energy levels and under favorable conditions resonance absorption occurs.

INTRODUCTION CONT
To produce NMR,the alternating field must have a comparatively low frequency as compared to the applied magnetic field. The frequency of the absorbed energy can be varied by changing the strength of the applied field.

INTRODUCTION CONT
Note that the overall spin (I) could be zero or non-zero. Zero spin does not allow for the observation of absorption spectra. Non-zero spin have characteristic magnetic moment

THEORY OF NMR
Nuclear spin

Chemical shift

Sping-Sping Coupling

NMR-SPECTROSCOPY
A powerful and theoretically complex analytical tool. Used to obtain information about molecules. Phenomenon concerns atomic nuclei rather than electrons.

PRINCIPLE OF NMR
Some nuclei have both electric charge and mechanical spin hence behave as tinny bar magnets. On exposure to an external magnetic field such a nucleus display distribution of quantized orientations.

PRINCIPLE CONT
These orientations can either be against or aligned with the applied field. A nucleus of spin I will have possible orientations equals to 2I +1(quantum mechanics).

INSTUMENTATION
Two types of NMR spectrometers available. Continuous wave and Fourier Transform. Magnetic field usually provided by permanent magnet, electromagnet or superconducting electromagnet.

INSTRUMENTATION.
The basic components of an NMR-Spectrometer include: A magnet A radio-frequency transmitter A radio-frequency receiver A sweep generator A sample probe

INSTRUMENTATION..
An integrator
A computer which are integral parts of an FT-instrument.

APPLICATIONS OF NMRSPECTROSCOPY.
Medicine Chemistry Non-destructive analyzing of samples as DNA and RNA. Petroleum industry.

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