TEACHING STRATEGIES, APPROACHES & METHODS

Catherine L. Naya Mary Angelie M. Pagara

TEACHING STRATEGIES / APPROACHES / METHODS

THE DIFFERENCE AMONG STRATEGIES,

APPROACHES, AND METHODS

Approaches deals with general philosophy of teaching Strategies is a plan of action designed to achieve a goal Method is a way something is done

SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES

1. LEARNING IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS.

It means that we have to actively engage the learners in learning activities if we want them to learn what we intend to teach.
As the saying goes:

What I hear, I forget

What I see, I remember. What I do, I understand

SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES

2. THE MORE SENSES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN LEARNING, THE MORE AND THE BETTER THE LEARNING.

75%

Senses of Learning
13%

6%

3%

3%

sight

hearing

touch

taste

smell

SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES

3. A NON THREATENING ATMOSPHERE ENHANCES LEARNING

SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES

4. EMOTIONS HAS THE POWER TO INCREASE RETENTION AND LEARNING 5. LEARNING IS MEANINGFUL WHEN IT IS CONNECTED TO STUDENTS EVERYDAY LIFE .

SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES

6. GOOD TEACHING GOES BEYOND RECALL OF INFORMATION.

SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES

7. AN INTEGRATED TEACHING APPROACH IS FAR MORE EFFECTIVE THAN TEACHING ISOLATED BITS OF INFORMATION.
INTELLIGENCE
Verbal Linguistic Logical- Mathematical Spatial Bodily- Kenisthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist

EXAMPLES OF CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES

Discussion, debates, journal writing, conferences, essays, stories, poems, storytelling, listening activities, reading Calculations, experiments, comparisons, number games, using evidence, formulating and testing hypothesis deductive and inductive reasoning Concept maps, graphs, charts, art projects, metaphorical thinking, visualization , videos, slides, visual presentations Role- playing, dance, athletic activities, manipulative, hands-on demonstrations concept miming Playing, music, singing, rapping, whistling, clapping, analysing sounds and music Community- involvement projects, discussions, cooperative learning, team games, peer tutoring, conferences, social activities, sharing Student choice, journal writing, self evaluation, personal instruction, independent study, discussing feelings, reflecting Ecological fieldtrips , environmental study, caring for plants and animals, outdoor work, pattern recognition

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

- Is the application of teaching learning principles based on findings about how our brain works. 1. Involving students in Real life or Authentic Problem Solving

Mini-poll
2. Using Projects to Increase Meaning and Motivation 3. Simulation and Roleplays as Meaning Makers
Example: A sari-sari store to give elementary pupils experience in making a budget, stay within the budget and counting change for bills.

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

4. Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing
Examples of Graphics
1. Graphic Organizers for Classification

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

4. Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing
Examples of Graphics
2. Descriptive Pattern Organizer FACT

FACT
TOPIC

FACT

FACT

FACT

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

4. Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing
Examples of Graphics
3. Time Sequence Pattern Organizer

event event event

Date/time Venue Date/time Venue Date/ time Venue

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

4. Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing
Examples of Graphics
duration

4. Episode Pattern Organizer

place

time

cause

episode

effect

persons

person

person

person

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

4. Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing
Examples of Graphics
5. Concept Pattern Organizer
characteristic
example

concept
characteristic Example Example Example Example characteristic Example

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

4. Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing
Examples of Graphics
5. Concept Pattern Organizer

BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

5. Song, jingles, and raps

6. Mnemonic Strategies
7. Writing Strategies 8. Active Review 9. Hands-on-activities

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

These methods categorized as: Direct / expositive approach Guided / exploratory approach

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Direct / Expositive Approach Direct Instruction is a way of teaching which is aimed at helping students acquire some basic skills and procedural knowledge

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Direct Instruction
Instructional Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The strategy is teacher- directed. The emphasis is on the teaching of skill. Taught in a step-by-step fashion, it ensures the learning of the entire procedure with no step missed. Lesson objectives include easily observed behaviors that can be measured accurately. This is a form of learning through imitation, sometimes termed behavioral modeling.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Deductive Method starts from the general to specific
Example: In Math, to add similar fractions just add the numerators then copy the denominator. Then the teacher will give examples. After which she will give written exercises for her pupils. In Science, all animals with backbone are classified as vertebrates. The dog, fish and frog are vertebrates because they possess backbones.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Deductive Method
Advantages of the Deductive Method 1. 2. Coverage of a wider scope of subject matter. No bother on the part of the teacher to lead learners to the formulation of the generalization or rule.

Disadvantages of the Deductive Method

1.
2.

It is not supportive of the principle that learning is an active process.

Lesson appears uninteresting at first.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Inductive Method starts from the specific to general
Example: In Math, the teacher will give examples. She will let them study the examples and ask them to explain how she arrives at that answer. From there, she will state the rule in adding fractions. In Science, the teacher will let the students examine an animal and find out the parts of the body. It has a backbone. The dog has a backbone. Then, the dog, fish and frog are vertebrates because they possess backbones.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Inductive Method starts from the specific to general
Advantages of the Inductive Method 1. The learners are more engaged in the teaching-learning process.

2.
3.

Learning becomes more interesting at the outset because we begin with the experiences of our students.
It helps the development of our learners higher -order-thinking skills.

Disadvantages of the Deductive Method

1.
2.

It requires more time and so less subject matter will be covered.

It demands expert facilitating skills on the part of the teacher.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Demonstration Method is a learning activity which is performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4 members or a teacher while the rest become observers.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Demonstration Method
Advantages of the Demonstration Method 1. It follows a systematic procedure, hence students will be able to learn from a well-tried procedure since the demonstrators are selected and adjudged to be skilled. The use of expensive equipment and machines will be maximized. Possible wastage of time, effort and resources will be avoided since the demonstration is supposed to be well- planned in advance.

2. 3.

4.
5.

It will not result to trial-and-error learning as what happens with unplanned learning activities.
The findings are reliable and accurate since the procedure has been tried before.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Guided / exploratory approach Inquiry Approach sometimes termed discovery, heuristic and problem solving is simply a teaching method which is modeled after the investigative processes of scientists.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Inquiry Approach
Instructional Characteristics 1. Investigative processes such as inferring, measuring, predicting, classifying, analyzing and experimenting, formulating conclusions and generalizations are employed. The procedure in gathering information is not prescribed by the teachers. The children are highly motivated to search, hence active participation is the best indicator or inquisitiveness.

2. 3.

4.
5.

The answers arrived at are genuine products of their own efforts.

Focused questions before, during and after are critical ingredients that provide direction and sustain action.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Problem Solving Method
Problem Solving - is a teaching strategy that employs the scientific method in searching for information.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Problem Solving Method
5 Basic Steps of the Scientific Method 1. 2. 3. 4. Sensing and defining the problem Formulating hypothesis Testing the likely hypothesis Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of evidence

5.

Formulating conclusion

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Problem Solving Method
Advantages of the Demonstration Method 1. 2. 3. This approach is most effective in developing skill in employing the science processes. The scientific method can likewise be used effectively in other nonscience subjects. The students active involvement resulting in meaningful experiences serves as a strong motivation to follow the scientific procedure in future undertaking. Problem solving develops higher level thinking skills.

4.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Problem Solving Method
Advantages of the Demonstration Method 5. 6. 7. A keen sense of responsibility, originality and resourcefulness are developed, which are much-needed ingredients for independent study. The students become appreciative and grateful for the achievement of scientists. Critical thinking, open-mindedness and wise judgment are among scientific attitudes and values inculcated through competence in the scientific method. The students learn to accept the opinions and evidence shared by others.

8.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Project Method is a teaching method that requires the students to presenting concrete form the results of information gathered about a concept, principle or innovation. is a hands-on, minds-on method.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Project Method
Advantages of the Project Method 1. 2. It is a teaching strategy that emphasizes learning by doing The scientific method can likewise be used effectively in other nonscience subjects. Constructing projects develops the students manipulative The planned design of the project tests the students originality in choosing the materials to be used. They become resourceful and innovative. It can be employed among students who are weak in oral communication

3.

4.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Project Method
Advantages of the Project Method 5. The completed project adds to ones feeling of accomplishment and satisfaction, thus motivating students to continue constructing new projects in school and at home. It instills the values of initiative, industry and creativity. Working on a project in groups develops the spirit of cooperation and sharing of ideas. In addition to learning a concept, students become productive and enterprising

6. 7. 8.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Metacognitive Approach - meta means beyond - An approach that goes beyond cognition that makes students think about their thinking and think it aloud

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

The Constructivist Approach - Is anchored on the belief that every individual constructs and reconstruct meanings depending on past experiences and continue reflecting and evaluating accumulated knowledge with an end in view of constructing new meaning.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Reflective Teaching - Is anchored on the ability of the teacher to guide students to reflect on their own experiences in order to arrive at new understanding and meanings.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Reflective Teaching
CHARACTERISTICS: 1. An ethic of caring - refers to the teachers expression of thoughtfulness The 3 effective ways: 1. Confirmation 2. Dialogue

3. Cooperative practice

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Reflective Teaching
CHARACTERISTICS: 2. Constructivist approach

3.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Tactful problem solving

Self analysis Writing journals Keeping a portfolio Observation of students responses Questions at the end of every lesson

STRATEGIES

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Cooperative Learning Approach - An approach makes use of classroom organization where students work in groups or teams to help each other learn. PEER TUTORING
-Is

commonly employed when the teacher requests the older, brighter and more cooperative member of the class to tutor other classmates.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Partner Learning learning with a partner. - this may also mean assigning study buddy

APPROPRIATE LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN THE DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE LESSON

Introductory / Opening / Initiatory Activities - serve as launching pad for the days lesson Examples of Effective Opening Activities: KWL (Know, Want to Know, Learned) Video Clip Editorial from a newspaper Cartoon or comic strip related to the topic Game Simulation

APPROPRIATE LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN THE DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE LESSON

Introductory / Opening / Initiatory Activities Examples of Effective Opening Activities: Anecdote

Diagnostic test
Skit, role playing Question and answer

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Developmental Activities For Data Gathering

Interview
Library / internet research Reading Field trip Experiment

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Developmental Activities For Organizing and Summarizing

Using graphic organizer

Jingles, rap, song Power point presentation

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Developmental Activities For Application / Creative Activities

Solving real word problems

Brochures Television talk shows Organizing a symposium

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Concluding Activities this is as important as opening and central part. Examples:

passport to leave
Journal writing at the end of the period Summarize the lesson