Cisco VoIP Implementations

ONT Module 2 Lesson 2 - Digitizing and Packetizing Voice

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Confidential

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Objectives
Describe the process of analog to digital conversion.

Describe the process of digital to analog conversion. Explain how sampling rates are determined using the Nyquist Theorem. Explain how quantization can lead to noise. Explain how MOS is used to judge voice quality. Describe the purpose of DSPs.

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Analog Signals to Digital Signals

VoIP systems rely on digital signal processors (DSPs). DSPs convert analog voice signals into digital format and vice versa. They also provide functions such as voice compression, transcoding (changing between different formats of digitized voice), and conferencing. DSPs are hardware components often located on voice modules inside gateways.

Step 1: Sample the analog signal. Step 2: Quantize sample into a binary expression. Step 3: Compress the samples to reduce bandwidth.
ONT 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Digitizing and Packetizing Voice

Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Digital Signals to Analog Signals
Step 1 Decompression Step 2 Decoding Step 3 Reconstruction of the analog signal

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Sampling
Sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal
Fs > 2(BW) Fs = Sampling frequency BW = Bandwidth of original analog voice signal

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Quantization

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Digital Voice Encoding

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Companding
Companding refers to the process of first compressing an analog signal at the source and then expanding this signal back to its original size when it reaches its destination. The term companding comes from combining the two terms, compressing and expanding, into one word.

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Common Voice Codec Characteristics

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

CCNP ONT Bachkhoa Networking Academy Selecting a Codec Using the Mean Opinion Score
The mean opinion score (MOS) is a system of grading the voice quality of the telephone connection that uses codec. The MOS is a statistical measurement of voice quality that is based on the judgment of several subscribers.

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

10

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

A Closer Look at a DSP

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

11

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Example: DSP Used for Confrencing

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

12

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Example: DSP Used for Transcoding

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

13

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Self Check
1. What sampling frequency is recommended by the Nyquist Theorem for reconstruction of a signal?
2. What is the Hz range for traditional telephone systems?

3. What is the implication of using 8 bits for quantization?

4. What is the purpose of logarithmic quantization?

5. What is MOS?

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

14

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Q and A

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

15

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Resources
Voice Codec Bandwidth Calculator (requires CCO login)
http://tools.cisco.com/Support/VBC/do/CodecCalc1.do

DSP Calculator
http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/Support/DSP/dsp-calc.pl

Free VoIP Quality Tester

http://www.testyourvoip.com/

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

16

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

Summary
The benefits of a VoIP network include more efficient use of network bandwidth and equipment, lower cost and consolidated expenses.
Legacy analog and VoIP applications and devices can coexist. The 3 stages of a VoIP call include call setup, call maintenance, and call teardown. VoIP can be deployed in a centralized or distributed environment.

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

17

CCNP ONT

Bachkhoa Networking Academy

ONT

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - www.bkacad.com

18