Section V : Hydrograph Analysis

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Definition Characteristics Effect on Rainfall on the Shape Hydrograph Separation Unit Hydrograph
Derivation Complex storms Application

Hydrograph
Record of River Discharge over a period of time

River Discharge

rivers mean = cross sectional area X (average) velocity (at a particular point in its course)

Storm Hydrographs
Show the change in discharge caused by a period of rainfall

Why Construct & Analyse Hydrographs ?

To find out discharge patterns of a particular drainage basin Help predict flooding events, therefore influence implementation of flood prevention measures

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Basin lag time

Peak flow

Discharge (m3/s)

2
mm
4

Overland flow

Through flow
Base flow

3 2

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

3 Discharge (m3/s) 2 1

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

Rainfall shown in mm, as a bar graph

mm
4

Discharge (m3/s)

2 1

3 2

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

Discharge in m3/s, as a line graph

mm
4

Discharge (m3/s)

2 1

3 2

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

The rising flood water in the river

mm
4

Discharge (m3/s)

2 1

3 2

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

Peak flow
Peak flow

Maximum discharge in the river

Discharge (m3/s)

2
mm
4

3 2

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

Peak flow

Discharge (m3/s)

Falling flood water in the river

2
mm
4

3 2

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

Basin lag time

Basin lag time

Peak flow

Discharge (m3/s)

2
mm
4

3 2

Time difference between the peak of the rain storm and the peak flow of the river
30 72

12

24

36

48

Hours from start of rain storm

Basin lag time

Base flow
Peak flow

Discharge (m3/s)

Normal discharge of the river

2
mm
4

3 2

Base flow

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

Basin lag time

Overland flow
Peak flow

Through flow
Overland flow

Discharge (m3/s)

2
mm
4

Storm Flow

Through flow
Base flow

3 2

12

24

36

48

30

72

Hours from start of rain storm

Overland flow

Through flow

Volume of water reaching the river from surface run off

Volume of water reaching the river through the soil and underlying rock layers

What are the components of a Hydrograph?

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Factors influencing Storm Hydrographs

Area Shape Slope Rock Type Land Use Drainage Density Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Soil
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Interpretation of Storm Hydrographs

You need to refer to:
Discharge (m3/s) Basin lag time Peak flow 3 Overland flow

Rising Limb Recession Limb Lag time Rainfall Intensity Peak flow compared to Base flow Recovery rate, back to Base flow
2 mm 1 4 3 2 0 12 24 36

Through flow Base flow 48 30 72

Hours from start of rain storm

Here are some theoretical interpretations of influencing factors

BUT
When interpreting hydrographs all factors must be considered together !
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Area
Large basins receive more precipitation than small therefore have larger runoff Larger size means longer lag time as water has a longer distance to travel to reach the trunk river

Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Shape
Elongated basin will produce a lower peak flow and longer lag time than a circular one of the same size

Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Slope
Channel flow can be faster down a steep slope therefore steeper rising limb and shorter lag time

Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Rock Type
Permeable rocks mean rapid infiltration and little overland flow therefore shallow rising limb

Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Soil
Infiltration is generally greater on thick soil, although less porous soils eg. clay act as impermeable layers The more infiltration occurs the longer the lag time and shallower the rising limb

Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Land Use
Urbanisation - concrete and tarmac form impermeable surfaces, creating a steep rising limb and shortening the time lag Afforestation - intercepts the precipitation, creating a shallow rising limb and lengthening the time lag
Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Drainage Density
A higher density will allow rapid overland flow

Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Precipitation & Temperature

Short intense rainstorms can produce rapid overland flow and steep rising limb

If there have been extreme temperatures, the ground can be hard (either baked or frozen) causing rapid surface run off Snow on the ground can act as a store producing a long lag time and shallow rising limb. Once a thaw sets in the rising limb will become steep
Area Rock Type Soil Land Use Drainage Density Tidal Conditions Shape Slope Precipitation / Temp

Tidal Conditions
High spring tides can block the normal exit for the water, therefore extending the length of time the river basin takes to return to base flow

Area
Shape Slope

Rock Type
Soil Land Use

Drainage Density
Precipitation / Temp Tidal Conditions

Also need to consider the storm duration and time of concentration.

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Methods of baseflow separation

Fixed base method (A-B-D-E) Variable slope method (A-B-C-E) Straight line method (A-E)

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Unit Hydrograph Model

First proposed by Sherman (1932) Definition: The UH of a drainage basin is a direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) resulting from 1 unit of effective rainfall (rainfall excess) hyetograph (ERH) distributed uniformly over the entire basin at a uniform rate during a specified time period (or duration).

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Basic Assumptions of UH
1. The effective rainfall is uniformly distributed within its duration 2. The effective rainfall is uniformly distributed over the whole drainage basin 3. The base duration of direct runoff hydrograph due to an effective rainfall of unit duration is constant. 4. The ordinates of DRH are directly proportional to the total amount of DR of each hydrograph (principles of linearity, superposition, and proportionality) 5. For a given basin, the runoff hydrograph due to a given period of rainfall reflects all the combined physical characteristics of basin (time-invariant)

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Methods of Developing UHGs

From Streamflow Data Synthetically
Snyder SCS Time-Area (Clark, 1945)

Fitted Distributions

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Derivation of UH (For simple ERH)

1. Analyze hydrograph and perform baseflow separation. 2. Measure the total volume of DRH in equivalent uniform depth (EUD) 3. Find the effective rainfall such that VDRH = VERH. 4. Assume that ERHs are uniform, the UH can be derived by dividing the ordinates of DRH by VDRH 5. The duration of the UH is the duration of ERH. 6. In rainfall-runoff analysis, the times of occurrence for DRH and ERH are commonly made identical.

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Derivation of UH (Figure)

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Changing the Duration

Very often, it will be necessary to change the duration of the unit hydrograph. If unit hydrographs are to be averaged, then they must be of the same duration. Also, convolution of the unit hydrograph with a precipitation event requires that the duration of the unit hydrograph be equal to the time step of the incremental precipitation. The most common method of altering the duration of a unit hydrograph is by the S-curve method. The S-curve method involves continually lagging a unit hydrograph by its duration and adding the ordinates. For the present example, the 6-hour unit hydrograph is continually lagged by 6 hours and the ordinates are added.

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Develop S-Curve

60000.00

50000.00

40000.00
Flow (cfs)

30000.00

Continuous 6-hour bursts

20000.00

10000.00

0.00
102 108 114

Time (hrs.)

120

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

66

72

78

84

90

96

36

Assignment

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