First-Year Engineering Program

Engineering H191
Engineering Fundamentals and Laboratory I

Week 07 Day 01
Tolerancing: Control of Variability
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Objectives

• Understand description and control of

variability through tolerancing
• Understand various classes of fits
• Introduce multiple part tolerancing

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Tolerance

Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary. It

is the difference between the maximum and
minimum limits.

Ways to Express:
4. Direct limits or as tolerance limits applied to a
dimension
5. Geometric tolerances
6. A general tolerance note in title block
7. Notes referring to specific conditions

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1. Direct Limits and Tolerance Values

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1. Direct Limits and Tolerance Values – Plus

and Minus Dimensions

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2. Geometric Tolerance System

Feature Control Frame

Geometric
Dimensioning and Concentricity
Tolerancing (GD&T) is a Symbol
method of defining
parts based on how
they function, using
standard ANSI symbols.

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3. Tolerance Specifications in Title Block

General tolerance note

specifies the tolerance
for all unspecified
toleranced dimensions.

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4. Notes Referring to Specific Conditions

General Tolerances could be in the form of a note

similar to the one shown below:

ALL DECIMAL DIMENSIONS TO BE HELD TO ±.002"

Means that a dimension such as .500 would be

assigned a tolerance of ±0.002, resulting in a upper
limit of .502 and a lower limit of .498

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Important Terms – Single Part

• Nominal Size – general size, usually expressed in common

fractions (1/2" for the slot)
• Basic Size – theoretical size used as starting point (.500" for the
slot)
• Actual Size – measured size of the finished part (.501" for the slot)

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Important Terms – Single Part

• Limits – maximum and minimum sizes shown by tolerances (.502

and .498 – larger value is the upper limit and the smaller value is
the lower limit, for the slot)

• Tolerance – total allowable variance in dimensions (upper limit –

lower limit) – object dimension could be as big as the upper limit
or as small as the lower limit or anywhere in between
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Important Terms – Multiple Parts

• Allowance – the minimum clearance or maximum

interference between parts

• Fit – degree of tightness between two parts

– Clearance Fit – tolerance of mating parts always
leave a space
– Interference Fit – tolerance of mating parts
always interfere
– Transition Fit – sometimes interfere, sometimes
clear
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Fitting Multiple Parts

Tolerance of B Fit Tolerance:

Clearance or
Interference
Part B
Tolerance of A
Part A

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Fitting Multiple Parts

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Shaft and Hole Fits

Clearance Interference

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Shaft and Hole Fits

Transition

CLEARANCE
FIT
+ .003

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Standard Precision Fits: English Units

• Running and sliding fits (RC)

• Clearance locational fits (LC)
• Transition locational fits (LT)
• Interference locational fits (LN)
• Force and shrink fits (FN)

See Table A.1 in the Appendix (pp. A-3 to A-9)

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Basic Hole System or Hole Basis

• Definition of the "Basic Hole System":

The "minimum size" of the hole is equal to the

"basic size" of the fit

• Example: If the nominal size of a fit is 1/2", then

the minimum size of the hole in the system will be
0.500"

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Basic Hole System

• Clearance = Hole – Shaft

• Cmax = H____ – S____
• Cmin = H____ – S____
SMAX
SMIN
Fill in the subscripts (min, max) in the HMAX
equations above. HMIN

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Basic Hole System

• Clearance = Hole – Shaft

• Cmax = Hmax – Smin
• Cmin = Hmin – Smax
SMAX
Both Cmax and Cmin <0 – _________ fit
SMIN
Both Cmax and Cmin >0 – _________ fit
HMAX
Cmax > 0; Cmin < 0 – ___________ fit
HMIN
What types of fits are these?

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Basic Hole System

• Clearance = Hole – Shaft

• Cmax = Hmax – Smin
• Cmin = Hmin – Smax
SMAX
Both Cmax and Cmin <0 – Interference fit
SMIN
Both Cmax and Cmin >0 – Clearance fit
HMAX
Cmax > 0; Cmin < 0 – Transition fit
HMIN
• System Tolerance = Cmax – Cmin
• Allowance = Min. Clearance = Cmin

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Basic Hole System

Calculate Maximum and
Minimum Clearance
Clearance = Hole – Shaft
.490
.485
Cmax = Hmax – Smin
.510
Cmax = .510 – .485 = .025 .505

Cmin = Hmin – Smax

Cmin = .505 – .490 = .015

What type of fit is this? Cmax > Cmin > 0 Clearance

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Metric Limits and Fits

• Based on Standard Basic Sizes – ISO Standard,

see the Appendix material (Table A.2 on pp. A-
10 to A-13 in text)

• Note that in the Metric system:

Nominal Size = Basic Size

• Example: If the nominal size is 8, then the basic

size is 8

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Metric Preferred Hole Basis System of Fits

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Metric Tolerance Homework – TOL-1B

Free Running H9/d9
Basic Size: 8

(1) Nominal Size: 8

?

(2) Shaft Limits: 7.960

????
(3) Shaft Tolerance: 0.036
???? 7.924
????
(7) Minimum
Clearance: 0.040
????
(4) Hole Limits: 8.036
????
(5) Hole Tolerance: 0.036
???? 8.000
????
(8) Maximum
Clearance: 0.112
????
(6) Ts: 0.072
????

AU 2005 CHECK: 0.072

Ts = Cmax
= 0.112
– Cmin?
– 0.040 = 0.072 24
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Good Review Material

• TG Chapter 6
– Dimensions and Tolerances
– Specifically pages 6-18 to 6-22

• TG Chapter 7
– Dimensions For Production

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Today's Assignment

• Drawing 33
– G27

• Drawing 34
– TOL-1A

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