RC Op-Amp Circuits (6.

4)

Dr. Holbert April 10, 2006

ECE201 Lect-18

Digital Meters and Oscilloscopes

Most multimeters and oscilloscopes are now digital. A digital multimeter or a digital oscilloscope has an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. Most digital meters and all digital oscilloscopes have one or more processors.

ECE201 Lect-18

Data Acquisition Systems

In many applications, digital meters and scopes are being replaced by data acquisition cards that fit into a computer. The data acquisition cards have A/D converters. The computer provides processing and storage for the data.
ECE201 Lect-18 3

A Generic Digital Meter

Input Switching and Ranging A/D Converter

Amplifier

Display

Processor

ECE201 Lect-18

Voltage Measurements

100V

10V
1V

Hi

Com

ECE201 Lect-18

Model for Meter

Hi 10MW Ideal Meter

Com

The ideal meter measures the voltage across its inputs. No current flows into it; it has infinite input resistance.
ECE201 Lect-18 6

Meter Loading
Hi R 10MW Ideal Meter

Com

The 10MW meter resistance in parallel with R may change the voltage that you measure.
ECE201 Lect-18 7

Loading
When measuring the voltage across R, we need to make sure that R is much less than 10MW. If R is close to 10MW, significant current flows through the meter, changing the voltage across R.

ECE201 Lect-18

Loading Example
Hi 50mA 2MW 10MW Ideal Meter

Com

Without Meter: voltage is 100V With Meter: measured voltage is 83.3V

ECE201 Lect-18 9

Current Measurements

100V

10V
1V

Com Amp

ECE201 Lect-18

10

Measuring Large Currents (> 100mA)

The current to be measured is passed through a small resistor (called a shunt resistor) and the resulting voltage across the shunt resistor is measured. From the voltage, the current can be computed.
ECE201 Lect-18 11

Meter Loading
Amp R Rs Ideal Meter

Com

The Rs shunt resistance in series with R may change the current that you measure.
ECE201 Lect-18 12

The Voltage Follower

+
vin + +

vout

ECE201 Lect-18

13

Without a Voltage Follower

Rs
Sensor + + vA/D A/D Converter

vs

RA/D

vA/D is not equal to vs

ECE201 Lect-18 14

Op-Amp Review
The ideal op-amp model leads to the following conditions: i+ = i- = 0 v+ = v The op amp will set the output voltage to whatever value results in the same voltages at the inputs.
ECE201 Lect-18 15

Op-Amp Review
To solve an op-amp circuit, we usually apply KCL (nodal analysis) at one or both of the inputs. We then invoke the consequences of the ideal model. We solve for the op-amp output voltage.

ECE201 Lect-18

16

With a Voltage Follower

+
vs + Rs + vA/D Sensor A/D Converter

RA/D

vA/D is equal to vs
ECE201 Lect-18

17

An Integrator
C R Vin + + + Vout

ECE201 Lect-18

18

KCL at the Inverting Input

C i C( t ) R

iR(t) ivin(t) +

+ + vout(t)

ECE201 Lect-18

19

KCL
i 0

vin (t ) v vin (t ) iR (t ) R R
d vout (t ) v dvout (t ) iC (t ) C C dt dt

ECE201 Lect-18

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Solve for vout(t)

vin (t ) dvout (t ) C 0 R dt dvout (t ) vin (t ) dt RC

vin ( x) vout (t ) dx RC

ECE201 Lect-18

21