CATERPILLAR

Oil

Big Foot

Caterpillar

Understanding Oil
in todays well lubricated world

Why you need

Oil in your engine

Lubrication Oil is Reducing Friction and Wear. Cooling Oil acts as a Coolant (piston Cooling) Cleaning Oil flushes away the tiny wear particles Sealing Oil is forming a seal (piston rings) Protecting Oil prevents rust and corrosion.

The type of Oil you need

Spark Ignited Engine Oils
Used in Gasoline Engines. The API letter Designation

S
C

Compression Ignited Engine Oils

Used in Diesel Engines. The API letter Designation

 API

Engine Oil Classifications

American Petroleum Institute. This organization designates service classifications for Oils ( S , C ).

SAE
Society of Automotive Engineers. Establishes viscosity ratings ( SAE 40).

ASTM
American Society of Testing Materials. Standardization of the testing methods.

Engine Oil Classifications

JASO
Japanese Automobile Standards Organization.

CCMC
Comite des Constructeurs dAutomobiles du Marche Common. Engine manufacturers in the EG

The API Donut

Oil supplier may use the API Service Categories. Only Licensed companies may use the API DONUT Symbol Licensees who use this DONUT have certified that Each licensed Oil meets all Prescribed Technical Performance Standards. Monitoring is done through the SAE Oil Labeling Assessment Program (OLAPP). More Info : Refer to Oil and your engine

The API Donut

Service Station Oils

SA SB SC SD SE SG SH
1900 - 1930 1931 - 1963 1964 - 1967 1968 - 1971 1972 - 1979 1990 - 1993 1994 More info.? Refer to Oil and Your Engine.

Commercial Oils
Used in Light to Heavy Duty Diesel applications, On-Highway Trucks Off-Highway Trucks Earthmoving Machine Engines Industrial Engines Marine Engines

Commercial Oils
CA CB CC CD CD-II CE CF CF-II CF- 4 CG- 4 CH - 4 Light-duty Moderate-duty Moderate-to-severe duty Severe-duty Severe-duty two stroke Turbocharged Heavy-duty Upgrade over CE Upgrade over CD-II High-speed 4 Stroke Diesel Low Sulfur Fuel 0.05% Requirement for into 1950 1949-1961 1960-1990 1955-1995 since 1983

1990 1995 1998

Viscosity
Viscosity refers to an Oils thickness or
its resistance to flow.
High viscosity means thicker

Oil

SAE 40 is thicker than SAE 30

Low Viscosity means thinner Oil

The rate at which Oil thins out is called the Oils Viscosity Index or V.I.

Viscosity

Viscosity II
The more VISCOUS (or thicker) an Oil is the thicker the Oil film it will provide.

The thicker the Oil film, the more resistant it will be to being wiped or rubbed from lubricated surfaces.

Viscosity III
Oil that is too thick will have excessive resistance to flow at low temperatures and so may not flow quickly enough to those parts requiring lubrication.

Viscosity

Viscosity-Grades
Single Grade Oil ( SAE 40 )
Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE viscosity grade classifications at a temp. of 100 C (212 F) Multi Grade Oil ( SAE 15 W 40 ) Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE viscosity grade classifications at a temp. Of -18 C (0 F) And at a temp. Of 100 C (212 F) SAE 15 at -18 C. and 40 at 100 C.

Base Stocks
Mineral Base Stock

Synthetic Base Stock

Mineral Base Stock

Mineral Base Stock
Refined from petroleum

crude Oils.

Synthetic Base Stock

Synthetic Base Stock
Formed by a chemical

process.

Additives
Additives strengthen or modify certain characteristics of the base Oil. Additives enable the oil to meet requirements beyond the abilities of the base Oil.

Additives

 Detergents. Alkalinity Agents. Oxidation Inhibitors. Dispersants. Anti-Foaming Agents Anti-Wear Agents. Pour-point dispersants. Viscosity index improvers.

Additives

Additives
Detergents Help to keep the engine clean by chemically reacting with oxidation products. To stop the formation and deposit of insoluble compounds (plug Oil filter).

Change the combustion and oxidation acids into harmless salts.

Additives
Alkalinity agents Alkalinity agents help neutralize sulfur by products like sulphurous and sulfuric acids. And retard corrosive damage to the engine in particular Cylinder liners.

Additives
Oxidation Inhibitors
Help prevent increases in viscosity. And the development of organic acids and

the formation of carbonaceous matter.

Zinc is used as a anti-oxidant.

Additives
Dispersants
Help prevent sludge formation by
dispersing contaminants and keeping

them in suspension.
If particles are allowed to bond together,

they will eventually increase engine wear

and plug the Oil filters.

Additives

Additives
Anti-Foaming Agent
Prevents the Oil from Foaming which causes the loss of oil pressure, Foaming reduces the Oils cooling ability, Once Oil becomes aerated it will lose its lubricating capacity.

Additives
Anti-wear agents
Reduce friction by forming a film on metal surfaces and by protecting metal surfaces from corrosion. Alkaline detergents and zinc are types of agents.

Additives
Viscosity index improvers
Help prevent the Oil from becoming too thin at high temperatures.

V.I. improvers are chemicals which improve (reduce) the rate of viscosity change with temperature change.

Additives

Chear

Additives
Pour-point dispersants
Keep the Oil fluid at low temperatures by preventing the growth and agglomeration of wax crystals.

Total Base Number (TBN)

The alkalinity reserve in the oil is known as its TBN The higher the TBN value the more acid

(sulfur) neutralizing capacity the Oil

contains.

Refer to : Oil and Your Engine

Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?

Top piston ring position has been important in the redesign of 1990s engines. Rings are now set higher on the piston, This reduces dead space in the combustion chamber, thus improving fuel efficiency and lowering emissions. Higher mounted top rings scrape more soot from the sides of the liner and transport it to the crankcase oil as soot.

Piston Redesign of 1990

Piston Top land Height difference Crevice Volume

Redesign

Cylinder Liner

Earlier type

Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?

The new piston design results in top ring groove temperatures being 60 C. (140 F) higher than the earlier engine design. If an API CF-4 oil is not used , the higher temperatures cause deposits to build up in the ring grooves and on ring land areas.

The Deposits will wear away the cross hatch

pattern (bore polishing).

Ash or Sulfated Ash

The Ash Content of an Oil is the noncombustible residue of a lubricating oil. Additives contain metallic derivatives, such as Barium, Calcium, and Magnesium compounds that are common sources of Ash. These metallo-organic compounds in the Oil provide the TBN for Oil alkalinity.

And How do we Use it ?

S.O.S.
Scheduled Oil Sampling

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

1 : Wear Analysis
2 : Chemical and Physical Tests 3 : Oil Condition Analysis

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

1 : Wear Analysis

Inductive Coupled Plasma Autosampler ICP.

After 3 samples, trend lines can be established.

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

2 : Chemical and Physical Tests Detect Water, Fuel and Antifreeze in the Oil. Water : Sputter test (0.1-0.5 %).

Fuel : Cetaflash tester (4 %).

Antifreeze : Chemical test (0 %).

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

3 : Oil Condition Analysis.
Is performed via Infrared Analysis. Determines and measures the amount of contaminants such as Soot , Sulfur

Oxidation and Nitration products.

Oil Contamination
Wear Elements : indicate that a part or a component is wearing. Dirt : Blowby, in the Oil, Scraped from cylinder walls.

Soot : Partially burned fuel.

Fuel : Failure in the fuel system.

Water : Condensation / Coolant leakage.

Glycol : Coolant leakage.

Wear Elements
CU = Copper Where do we find CU in the Engine ? Turbo Bearings. Oil Cooler. Bearings (Copper bounding). Gaskets. ??

Wear Elements
FE = Iron Where do we find FE in the Engine ? Camshafts and cam followers. Gearwheels. Pumps. Cylinder Liners. Valve Stem and Valve Guide ??

Wear Elements
CR = Chromium = Chrome Where do we find CR in the engine ? Piston rings. Valve Stem. Fuel pump / Injector parts. Bearings. ??

Wear Elements
PB = Lead Where do we find PB in the engine ? Bearings. ??

Wear Elements
AL = Aluminum Where do we find AL in the engine ? Pistons. Bearings. Housings. ??

Wear Elements
SI = Silicon = Sand Silicone = Chemical compound Where do we find SI in the engine ? ?? Dirty / Damaged / or no Air Filter. Assembly of dirty engine parts ! Oil storage ? / Environment ?

Wear Elements
NA = Nitrate = Sodium. Where do we find NA in the engine ? ?? In the Oil ! Sodium is a left over from an engine coolant which has evaporated.

Wear Elements
SN = Tin Where do we find SN in the engine ? Bearings ??

I.R. Analysis
ST = Soot Why Soot ? Soot is a by-product of combustion. Soot is an Insoluble particulate that can plug Oil filters. Soot depletes the dispersant additives in the Oil.

I.R. Analysis
OXI = Oxidation Why Oxidation ? Oxidation occurs when Oxygen attacks petroleum fluids. This process is accelerated by heat. As Oil Oxidizes, it loses its lubricating properties. The viscosity increases.

I.R. Analysis
NIT = Nitration Why Nitration ? Nitrogen compounds resulting from the combustion process. Cause the oil to thicken, lose its lubricating abilities. Reaches only problem levels in natural gas engines.

I.R. Analysis
SUL = Sulfation Why Sulfation ? Sulfur is a by-product of combustion. Sulfur by itself is harmless. Sulfuric acid is formed when water/ condensation is present. TBN min. = 50 % of the new oil TBN number.

I.R. Analysis
F = Fuel Why Fuel ? Injection system Failure. Fuel contamination decreases the Oils lubricating properties. Clean Oil has a Flash point above 200 C. (392 F)

I.R. Analysis
W = Water Why Water ? Coolant leakage / Condensation. Water combined with oil creates an emulsion which will plugs Oil filters. Water will evaporate but will leave NA in the Oil.

I.R. Analysis
A = Antifreeze Why Antifreeze ? Ethylene Glycol / Antifreeze is an indicator of coolant leaking. Glycol will cause sludge to form in the oil and can plug Oil filters. Glycol will speed up Oxidation.

Wear Element Combinations

Fe Where do we find FE on its own ?? Camshaft Lifters. Gears. Pumps. Valve Stem / Valve Guide ??

Wear Element Combinations

FE + CR + SI are High ??

Dirt has entered the engine through the air intake system. Piston ring wear !!! Cylinder liner wear !!!

Wear Element Combinations

SI + FE + PB + AL are High ??

Dirt in the lower engine. Potential crankshaft and bearing wear. Blowby ? ??

Wear Element Combinations

Do we know more Wear Element combinations ? Or Other combinations ?

Oil Change Interval Extension

There are 6 Parameters that can tell the extent of Oil degradation,

1 : TBN or Sulfur level.

2 : Soot level.

3 : Oxidation level.
4 : Viscosity. 5 : Contamination levels Water / Antifreeze / Fuel / Wear Debris / Dirt 6 : Condition of the Oil Filter (Plugged/Sludged ).

Excessive Engine Oil Consumption

Excessive oil consumption is determined for engine from the 3100 Series to the 3400Series using the Service Warranty Bulletin No. 6.5 Excessive oil consumption is determined by measuring the amount of oil consumed compared to the amount of fuel consumed.

Oil Consumption
Commercial engines can also have the oil consumption calculated Brake Specific Oil Consumption = B.S.O.C.
BSOC = pounds of oil consumed per Hp per Hour BSOC = Lbs./Hp-Hr. Reference EDS Sheet 96.2
Oil Consumption Data

Oil Usage US Gals = Engine Hp X Load Factor X BSOC / 7.5 Difficult part of this formula is to determine the correct Load Factor.

Questions ?