Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HIGH SALINITY Water stagnation 30-50 cm several weeks in aman River water saline Dec-Jul High soil salinity in dry season
MEDIUM SALINITY Water stagnation 30-50 cm several weeks in aman River water saline mid-Feb-Jun Medium soil salinity in dry season
LOW SALINITY Water stagnation 30-50 cm several weeks in aman River water fresh 10-11 months Mild soil salinity in dry season
South 24 Parganas
Polder 43/2/F
Objectives (5+1)
1. Rice variety evaluation aus (early rainy season) - low, medium aman (main rainy season) - low, medium & high salinity boro (dry season) - low, medium 2. Rice-based cropping system intensification Rice-rice-rice low; rice-rice medium Rice-rice-rabi low; rice-rabi medium Rice+fish - brackish water aquaculture - high 3. Homestead production systems analysis & options literature review & surveys - low, medium, high evaluation of options for increasing productivity, incomes 4. Year-round brackish water aquaculture systems - high Evaluation of improved management options 5. Technology & policy recommendations 6. Pilot community water management CPWF Innovation Grant 6 ha compartment 3
Jahangir Alam
Progress
1. Saha 2. Rafiq Sukanta Liz 3. Manoranjan Community water management pilot 4. Jitendra Homestead production systems Kabir 5. Liz Plans to closure Research questions Improving year-round aquaculture & rice-aquaculture systems Improving ricebased agricultural cropping systems
Rice-aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to low in rainy season
BANGLADESH
Year round aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to medium in rainy season
Research Objective
Improved management for enhanced productivity, profitability & resilience in rice-aquaculture & year round aquaculture systems
407-870 m2
866-1463 m2
Before
Construction
11
Aquaculture Treatments
3 aquaculture treatments (4 reps) : 1. Farmers mgt: Polyculture shrimp+ various fish spp
Better rice productivity with shallower water Better aquaculture productivity with deeper water
Management
Practice Liming Farmers Practice Improved 1 & 2 200 kg ha-1 200 kg ha-1
Water filtering Water depth Predatory Fish Fertilization Shrimp seed Feed Water replenishment Post stocking fertilization Fish seed
Unfiltered Lower Not eradicated No fertilizer Not PCR tested No feed When needed Very insufficient
Some wild
Filtered Higher Eradicated Fertilizer & dolomite PCR tested Feeding When needed When primary production is low All from hatcheries
Dec.
Stocking
Rice harvest Partial drainage & rice planted (output 2) Full harvest of shrimp & fish by complete draining
30
20 10 1 7 15 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 0
50 cm depth
Days of culture
70
70 cm depth
Days of culture
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Rice transplanting
50 cm depth
Days of culture
70
Target
Rice transplanting
60
50 40 30
20 10 0
FP (70 cm) Mono (70 cm) Poly (70 cm)
70 cm depth
Days of culture
September drainage congestion in whole region after heavy rain due to inadequate water conveyance system (drainage) October water shortage - plenty of freshwater in river but inadequate conveyance system (irrigation)
Salinity during dry (March-June) and wet season (mid July-mid Nov)
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
FP (50cm) Mono (50 cm) Poly (50 cm) FP (70 cm) Mono (70 cm) Poly (70 cm)
Salinity (ppt)
Dry Season
Days of culture
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 7 15 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 0 Transplanting Target for rice transplanting
FP (50cm) Mono (50 cm) Poly (50 cm) FP (70 cm) Mono (70 cm) Poly (70 cm)
Wet Season
Salinity (ppt)
Days of culture
Farmer's
Rotational Monoculture
Polyculture
2000
Yield (kg/ha) 1500 1000 500 0
BR11 BR47 BR54 Jotai Kumri Morichsail
Varieties
10
5 0 EC (dS/m) P (g/g) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Before stocking (Feb.) Before rice plantation (Aug,) After complete harvest (Dec.)
1
0.5 0 OM (%) K (me/100 g) N (%)
Farmer's practice
Farmer's practice
Rotational Monoculture
Polyculture
230
354
394
183
385
374
Total Return
216
559
658
210
724
733
Gross margin
-14
205
264
27
340
359
147
260
301
101
295
290
216
559
658
210
724
733
Gross margin
69
299
357
109
434
443
Depth during dry (March-June) and wet season (mid July-mid Nov.)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 FP Mono Poly
Depth (cm)
Dry Season
Days of culture
Wet Season
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
FP
Mono
Poly
Depth (cm)
Days of culture
Salinity during dry (March-June) and wet season (mid July-mid Nov.)
22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Salinity (ppt)
FP
Mono
Poly
Dry Season
Days of culture
Wet Season
22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
FP
Mono
Poly
Salinity (ppt)
Days of culture
Shrimp
Fish
Farmer's practice
Rotational
Monoculture
Rotational
Polyculture
243 -28
533 164
610 206
243 56
533 262
610 289
Knowledge Sharing
Formed 1 farmer & 1 labor group at each site 10 per group inviting them to key activities (e.g., pond preparation, stocking, feeding management, monitoring, harvesting.
Lessons Learned
Water management is critical for increased productivity and profitability. 20-75% shrimp mortality despite improved management Polyculture system provided PROFIT despite mortality of shrimp (disease)
Improved varieties & cropping system intensification in low, medium & high salinity areas of the coastal zone
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
P-30
P-43
Boro, 2012
Yield (t/ha)
BRRI dhan28
BRRI dhan29
BRRI dhan47
BRRI dhan50
BRRI dhan53
BRRI dhan55
BRRI dhan45
Alloran
Variety
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
15-Apr
Yield (t/ha)
Rice: 19 t/ha
Achievement
BR48: 5 t/ha
Sunflower: 4 t/ha
BR48: 5 t/ha
Achievement
BRRI dhan54
(5.5 t/ha)
BRRI dhan49
(5.5 t/ha)
Water salinity, EC 2 18 dS/m Aman Rice - BR23 Water stagnation and flash flood submergence Average Yield 2 - 3 t/ha
CURRENT
Fallow
Chilli
Sesame
Maize
Cropping system trial at Bazarkhali (Polder 43/F/2), Amtoli, Barguna, Boro 2012/ 2013
Water melon
Sunflower
Mungbean
Cropping system trial at Kismatfultola (Polder 30), Batiaghata, Khulna, Boro 2012/ 2013
BRRI dhan54
Challenges
Rainy season
Stagnant flooding (0.3-0.5 m for 1+ month)
Dry season
Soil salinty Lack of fresh water (some ground water pumping, but is it sustainable? salinisation of aquifer)
Variety evaluation
Rainy season (aman) Dry season (boro)
Cropping system
Objective reduce irrigation requirement for boro Timely aman establishment-early boro establishment & shorter duration
Sandeshkhali
Polder 3, BD
Gosaba Soil: Heavy texture Land type: Mostly ( 84%) low lying & flat topography Salinity: 5-15 dSm-1
Variety/Line
Yield (t/ha)
Farmers choice
2.68
3.80 (42%) 3.52 (31%) 4.15 (55%)
-
3.15
2.60
2nd
Swarna sub 1
Geetanjali
1st
1st
2nd
2nd
1st
3.70
3.05 3.50 -
3.70
3.60 3.50 3.45 3.42
3.70
3.60 3.50 3.50 3.60
BRRI dhan 47 BRRI dhan 53 BRRI dhan 55 BINA dhan 8 CSR 34, CSR 22 IR 10206-29-2-1-1 CSRC (S) 50-2-1-1-4-B Dates of sowing: 08.11.12 & 28.11.12
Earliest flowering
Earliest flowering
Salinity dSm-1
1 WAT
3 WAT
6 WAT
8 WAT
12 WAT
4
2 0 04.01.12
Class C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 EC (dS m-1) <1.5 1.5 3 35 5 10 >10
02.02.12
16.03.12
20.04.12
Quality characteristics Normal waters Low saline waters Medium saline waters Saline waters High saline waters
Sandeshkhali Gosaba
71
Aus-aman-rabi
4 Aus transplanting dates (main plots)
10 April 25 April 10 May 25 May Vietnamese variety OM1490 (moderately salt tolerant, short duration 100 d seed to seed)
Aman (BR44) transplanted ~10 d after aus harvest Rabi transplanted ~10 d after aman harvest
D
15 Nov
A
30 Mar
Drained Rabi: Maize, Sunflower; Mulch 30 Nov 30 Mar Drained Rabi: Maize, Sunflower, not mulched 30 Nov
30 Nov T. Aman BR 44 PS (145 d) Mulched 15 Dec 15 Dec Not mulched 15 Dec T. Aman BR 44 PS (145 d) 30 Dec
15 Apr
15 Apr
30 Jul T. Aus (OM 1490) (100d) 10 May 10 Aug d) SG 15 Aug T. Aus (OM 1490) (100d) 25 May 25 Aug d) SG T. Aman BR 44 PS (145 d)
30 Apr
30 Apr
30 Dec 30 Dec 15 Jan Rabi Mulched Maize Sunflower Not mulched 15 Jan Rabi Maize Sunflower 15 May
15 May
4 sowing dates x 2 crops x 2 mulch in rabi season = 16 treatments x 4 replications = 64 plots; T= Transplanted; d=day; PS= Photoperiod sensitive
Aus-aman-boro
Aus - 3 establishment tmts (OM1490, 100 d) E1.Transplanted 1 May E2.Transplanted 15 May E3. Dry seeded 1 May Aman 2 varieties (planted 10 d after aus harvest) V1. BRRI dhan49 (135 d) V2. BRRI dhan52 (145 d) Boro 2 transplanting dates (BRRI dhan28, 145 d) D1. 10 d after aman harvest D2. 25 d after aman harvest
12 treatment combinations
D1R2 plot
D1R1 plot
1st transplanting 3rd August Water level = 4-9 cm, outside= 28cm
D1R1 plot
Field condition at 6th August Water level = 15-20 cm, outside= 40cm
Raising up bunds
Field condition at 16th August Water level = 3-4 cm, outside= 14cm
D1R4 plot
D1R1 plot
D3R4 plot
D2R4 plot
Total field again inundated at 6th September Water level = 50 cm, outside= 50cm
D3R1
D2R1
D1R1 plot
Rainfall Water depth D1 BRRI dhan49 D2 BRRI dhan49 Max Temp Min Temp
70 80 90
60
50
40
15
20
10 5 0 01 Aug 11 Aug 21 Aug 31 Aug 10 Sep 20 Sep 30 Sep 10 Oct 20 Oct Date after transplanting
10
Field condition at 13th September Water level = 1-2 cm, outside= 20cm
7.00
5.00
Date 3
2.00
1.00
Implementing community level water management in coastal Bangladesh: Achievements & Lessons learned
Manoranjan Mondal, Alamgir Chowdhury, Elizabeth Humphreys, T P Tuong
SCL
Background
Ability to implement improved cropping systems is constrained by poor water management INSIDE polders Too much water (too deep) in the rainy season not favorable for HYV rice cultivation due to
Lack of separation of higher & lower lands Limited drainage ability/mgt
Excess soil moisture due to late irrigation of local rice late planting & low rabi crop productivity & inability to diversify to higher yield/value crops.
Community water management pilot to demonstrate concept/benefits of improved water & crop management
Polder 30 = 5000 ha
Sluice gate = 12
River
Outside sampling area Drainage canal Outside sampling area
Drainage outlet
Rural road
HYV Aman
30 Nov
HYV Rabi
07 July
15 Apr15 May
Achievements
All 36 farmers and water management group (WMG) agreed to collaborate. Farmers and WMG officials helped identification of pilot watershed and drainage networks. Farmers dug the drains/made the levee (paid) Farmers and WMG took initiatives to drain out water within 3-4 days after submergence, while it took 10+ days for other parts of polder 30. Watershed farmers participated in all the training programs. Two farmers participated in rabi crop cultivation by dibbling, 1.5 months earlier than other watershed farmers.
Constructed internal drains/bunds to separate high and low land & outlet. With this drainage network, watershed farmers were able to drain out excess water.
Transplanting
Rapid drainage
Rainfall (mm) Paddy water depth (mm)
HYV
Local
5000
4000
3000 2000
Yield (kg/ha)
1000
0
Recommended Fertilizer
Farmer Fertilizer
Lesson-5: Late drainage soil to wet for cultivation for 2.5 months
Rainfall & Water depth (mm)
240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Target drainage time but irrigation! because local variety late maturing Transplanting
Surface water gone but weather cold, foggy, soil too wet for tillage
Lesson-6: Tillage
Land was not ready for plowing until mid-February 2013.
Small tractor owners increased price (x2) of land preparation when they knew we wanted to prepare the land early quickly. Farmers had to wait for big tractor to come from Jessore for land preparation.
People walk on the bunds & damage Silted up during wet/aman season Construction and maintenance Cost involvement
Productivity and income could be increased by integrate small indigenous fish with aman rice in the watershed area. That will
Increase aquatic agricultural diversity. Improve home consumption of fish, lead to better nutrition.
THANK YOU
SCL
Study area
Canning
Kakdwip
SAMPLING DESIGN
South 24 Pargana North 24 Pargana
Kakdwip
Namkhana
Sagar
Sandeshkhali I
Sandeshkhali II
480 Households
240 Households
The average Homestead Land in 24 Paraganas South is 26.6 decimal ( 0.16ha) Land distribution is similar to Bangladesh but 90% falls below <1ha.
Pond shares maximum land Land for livestock & poultry minimum
Better income from betel vine attracts HH Betel vine in homestead system competes with other components
Purchased by a wholesaler
Purchasing by traders
Aquaculture production is much below the national average (2700kg/ha/yr). Scope for technological intervention
92 71 85 85 42 70
Can take three satisfactory meal in a day Cannot take three satisfactory meal in a day
77%
Disease infection
Soil salinization
Contd.
Sustain homestead farming to ensure healthy and safe living for women & children
Insights from the Bangladesh homestead production systems survey and research progress (Output 3)
Polder 30 381
500
Polder 30
Polder 3-H
Polder 3 L
Polder 43
ALL Polder
More than 50% households are functionally landless >80% have < 1 ha
* Categories based on Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2010)
Percentage of People Living Below National Poverty Line ( Income <1.25 $US/person/day)
100 90 80 70 60
50
40 30 20 10
35
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Dwelling house Fruit garden/trees Livestock shade Pond Poultry Tree covered area vegetable garden Yard
% Area (Dec)
Household farm income contributes more than from field for functionally landless people
Average off farm income (TK)
70000
Average farm income from Homesteads (TK) Average farm income from Field (TK)
60000
50000
Taka/hh/year
40000
30000
20000
10000
Functionally Landless
Small
Marginal
0.54
0.52
0.56
0.56
Fish
Fruit
Poultry meat
HH food production
Poultry egg
Vegetable
1500
1000 500 0
House hold
P30
P3
Pxx
Pxx P43
Polder 5: SmartFarm
Research Process
Technology options:
Small indigenous fish Higher value air breathing fish Stress tolerant catfish Carp, tilapia Developing suitable feeding a. Light trap at night for attracting insects b. Increasing benthic population c. Insects/ants as feed by their commercial propagation Integrating with floating vegetable production or small ruminants Different species combination for brackish water Cages for nursing of fry to fingerling of GIFT
Timeline
Activity J Research team building Monitoring team formation Village selection Group formation FGD/community consultation for research plan and capacity needed to do the jobs Process documentation and draft research design Developing monitoring tools Baseline survey of the selected homesteads Homestead women managed research for improved production and diversification F M A M J J A S O N D
Thanks to all
Plans to closure
1. Seek opportunities/develop proposals for funding to build on/expand research effort
2a. If no No Cost Extension (NCE) continue field research to end of 2013 (one more dry & wet season) & local dissemination/training (very small scale) students continue to mid-2014 (via CSISA) need 2 full cycles MANY outputs to prepare (working papers, leaflets & booklets (guidelines), video, journal papers, policy briefs) continuation of pilot watershed uncertain ONLY if can have an area with all farmers planting HYV & timely establishment/good management; we would have to provide all inputs (budget?) continue to participate in dialogues with policy makers/donors organised by GBDC
2b. If NCE (& sufficient funds left likely, will vary with partners) continue field experiments in 2014 (time of cessation will vary for different activities depending on need & fund availability some activities started late, some things went wrong so data limited)
157