IP SEC

IP Security Overview
IPSec is not a single protocol. Instead, IPSec provides a set of security algorithms plus a general framework that allows a pair of communicating entities to use whichever algorithms to provide security appropriate for the communication.

Applications of IPSec

Secure branch office connectivity over the Internet Secure remote access over the Internet Establsihing extranet and intranet connectivity with partners Enhancing electronic commerce security

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IP Security Scenario

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IP Security Overview
Benefits of IPSec
Transparent to applications - below transport layer (TCP, UDP) Provide security for individual users

IPSec can assure that:

A router or neighbor advertisement comes from an authorized router A routing update is not forged
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Goal/Services of IPsec
Provides security services at IP layer
Access Control Connectionless integrity Data origin authentication Rejection of replayed packets Confidentiality (encryption) Limited traffic flow confidentiallity

IP Security Architecture
IPSec documents:
RFC 2401: Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol. S. Kent, R. Atkinson. November 1998. (An overview of security architecture) RFC 2402: IP Authentication Header. S. Kent, R. Atkinson. November 1998. (Description of a packet encryption extension to IPv4 and IPv6) RFC 2406: IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). S. Kent, R. Atkinson. November 1998. (Description of a packet emcryption extension to IPv4 and IPv6) RFC 2408: Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP). D. Maughan, M. Schertler, M. Schneider, J. Turner. November 1998. (Specification of key managament capabilities)

IPSec Document Overview

IPsec Architecture
Components
Security Protocols Security Associations Key Management Algorithms for authentication and encryption

Security Protocols
Authentication Header (AH)
Data Origin Authentication Anti-replay service Data Integrity

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)

Confidentiality Data Origin Authentication Anti-replay service Connectionless Integrity

AH
AH provides authentication for as much of the IP header as possible, as well as for upper level protocol data Two modes: transport mode/tunnel mode

IP Security (IPSec)
Different security tools function at different layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) and Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) operate at the Application layer Kerberos functions at the Session layer

IP Security (IPSec) (continued)

IP Security (IPSec) (continued)

IPSec is a set of protocols developed to support the secure exchange of packets Considered to be a transparent security protocol Transparent to applications, users, and software Provides three areas of protection that correspond to three IPSec protocols:
Authentication Confidentiality

IP Security (IPSec) (continued)

Supports two encryption modes:
Transport mode encrypts only the data portion (payload) of each packet, yet leaves the header encrypted Tunnel mode encrypts both the header and the data portion

IPSec accomplishes transport and tunnel modes by adding new headers to the IP packet The entire original packet is then treated as the data portion of the new packet

IP Security (IPSec) (continued)

IP Security (IPSec) (continued)

Both Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) can be used with Transport or Tunnel mode, creating four possible transport mechanisms:
AH in transport mode AH in tunnel mode ESP in transport mode ESP in tunnel mode

Figure 32.2 TCP/IP protocol suite and IPSec

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Figure 32.3 Transport mode and tunnel modes of IPSec protocol

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Note
IPSec in the transport mode does not protect the IP header; it only protects the information coming from the transport layer.

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Note
IPSec in tunnel mode protects the original IP header.

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Figure 32.6 Authentication Header (AH) Protocol in transport mode

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Note
The AH Protocol provides source authentication and data integrity, but not privacy.

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Figure 32.7 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Protocol in transport mode

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Note
ESP provides source authentication, data integrity, and privacy.

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Table 32.1 IPSec services

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Note
IKE creates SAs for IPSec.

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Security Associations (SA)

A one way relationship between a sender and a receiver. Identified by three parameters:
Security Parameter Index (SPI) IP Destination address Security Protocol Identifier

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Key Management
Two types:
Manual Automated
Oakley Key Determination Protocol Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)

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Oakley
a key exchange protocol based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange adds features to address weaknesses
cookies, groups (global params), nonces, DH key exchange with authentication

Oakley
Three authentication methods:
Digital signatures Public-key encryption Symmetric-key encryption

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ISAKMP

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Recommended Reading
Comer, D. Internetworking with TCP/IP, Volume I: Principles, Protocols and Architecture. Prentic Hall, 1995 Stevens, W. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Addison-Wesley, 1994

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