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NATURE OF FIRES
Three essential needs for fire
Fuel Combustible gas, liquid or solid Oxygen support burning Heat To bring fuel to its ignition point
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
Four
classes of fires
Class A
Paper, wood, textiles and rubbish Liquids, such as gas, alcohol, oil and grease Electrical
Class B
Class C
Class D
WATER
Freshwater
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
The automatic spray or sprinkler system provides a network of sprinkler heads throughout the protected spaces. This system may be used in accommodation areas, and in machinery spaces with certain variations in the equipment used and the method of operation.
The accommodation areas are fitted with sprinkler heads which both detect and extinguish fires. Sprinkler head is closed by a quartzoid bulb which contains a liquid that expands considerably on heating.
FOG
Hi Fog droplets are extremely small, increased surface area causes them to flash into steam, latent heat is absorbed, steam generated displaces oxygen.
Fire
Hose Nozzles
These nozzles are usually of the jet/spray type providing either type of discharge as required. All the working areas of the ship are thus covered, and a constant supply of seawater can be brought to bear at any point to fight a fire. While sea water is best used as a cooling agent in fighting Class A fires it is possible, if all else fails, to use it to fight Class B fires.
The jet/spray nozzle would be adjusted to provide a fine water spray which could be played over the fire to cool it without spreading.
CO2
AND HALON
CO2 puts out fires by reducing the oxygen content of the air. Halon 1301 (BTM) and Halon 1211 (BCF) are high speed suppression agents which, unlike other extinguishing agents, instead of cooling the fire or displacing oxygen interrupt the chemical chain reaction of combustion.
Dry chemical extinguishing systems are designed to combat Class B (flammable liquids and gases) and Class C (electrical) fires. In marine application, portable, wheeled and fixed dry chemical systems are found on loading docks, tanker decks, cargo holds, machinery spaces; in fact any area where fuels, flammable vapours or electrical equipment are present and where fire will spread especially fast.
FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS Firefighting foam is used to form a blanket on the surface of flaming liquids. The blanket prevents flammable vapors from leaving the surface and prevents oxygen from reaching the fuel. A fire cannot exist when the fuel and oxygen are separated, and therefore, a properly placed foam blanket will smother the fire. In addition, the water in the foam also has a cooling effect, which gives foam the ability to cool surrounding structure to help prevent flash back.
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Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher it has a black band around the body and is used for extinguishing electrical and liquid fires. Foam Fire Extinguisher this has a yellow band around the body and is used for extinguishing oil fires. Water Fire Extinguisher this has a red band contained between two thin white bands around the body. It is used to extinguish paper, wood and cloth. CO2 Fire Extinguisher this has a black band around the body and is used to extinguish electrical and liquid fires.
Remember, only the Dry Powder and CO2 extinguishers should be used on electrical fires.
The Fire Control Plan provides vital information that is crucial for the rapid and efficient action of the vessel's crew during a fire. Standardized Symbols
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