The Head and Neck

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 Triangles of the Neck:
Posterior

 Boundaries
 Anterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle
 Posterior = Trapezius muscle
 Inferior = Clavicle
 Contents
 Nerves: Phrenic, Accessory, Cervical Plexus,Brachial
Plexus
 Artery: Subclavian
 Vein: External Jugular
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 Triangles of the Neck:
Anterior
 Boundaries
 Superior = Inferior margin of Mandible
 Anterior = Midline of Neck
 Posterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle
 Contents
 Muscles: Suprahyoid, Infrahyoid
 Artery: Carotid
 Vein: Internal Jugular, External Jugular
 Nerve: Accessory
 Glands: Submandibular
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Triangles of the Neck

pg 739
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 Upper Respiratory
Tract

Pg 583
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 Nose
 Only external part of Respiratory tract
 Functions
 Airway of respiratory tract
 Moisten and Warm air
 Filter air
 Resonating chamber for speech
 Houses olfactory receptors
 External Nares = Nostrils: openings through
which air enters nasal cavity
 Internal Nares = Choanae: openings
between nasal cavity and nasopharynx
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 Nasal Cavity
 Part of respiratory passage
 Boundaries
 Roof = ethmoid bone (cribiform plate)
 Floor = maxilla (palatine process) Pg 584
palatine (horizontal plate)
 Lateral walls = nasal bones, superior,+ middle nasal
conchae (ethmoid bone), inferior nasal conchae,
maxilla, palatine bone
 Nasal Septum = divides cavity into 2
 Continuous w/nasopharynx via internal nares
 Hard Palate = palatine, maxillary bones (= floor)
 Soft Palate = muscular (very posterior)
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Nasal  Project medially from each
lateral wall of nasal cavity
Conchae  Superior, Middle (ethmoid)
 Inferior nasal conchae
 Covered with Mucosa
 Functions
 Create turbulance
 Reclaim heat from exhaled air

Pg 584
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 Nasal Cavity (continued)
 Respiratory Mucosa–lines cavity walls, septum
 Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium
w/lamina propria
 Mucous cells + serous cells
 Moistens + warms inhaled air
 Highly innervated, vascularized
 Olfactory Mucosa – on roof of nasal cavity,
contains the olfactory (smell) receptors

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 Nasal Cavity (continued)
 Vestibule –space just inside external nares
 Skin lining contains:
 Sebaceous glands -greasy secretion collect dirt,
lubricate, kill bacteria
 Sweat glands -acidic, slows growth of bacteria
 Hair follicles –trap smaller particles of dirt and dust
 Vibrissae – nose hairs filtering larger
particles from air

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 Paranasal Sinuses
 Air-filled sacs surrounding nasal cavity; extension of
nasal cavity; same lining
 Located in Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla
bones
 Function: Warm + Filter air, Lightens skull

Pg 16 www.smso.net
 Pharynx = “Throat”
 Connects nasal cavity &
mouth to esophagus &
larynx
 Runs from skull to C6
 Carries food and air
 Lined with skeletal muscle
 Divided into 3 regions
 Nasopharynx
 Oropharynx
 Layrngopharynx
Pg 617 www.smso.net
 Tonsils
 Swellings of mucosal lining of
pharynx
 Simple lymph organs
 MALT: mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue
 Form ring around opening of
pharynx
 4 groups
 Palatine (pair)
 Lingual

 Pharyngeal

 Tubal (pair)
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Pg 570
 Nasopharynx: Only carries
air
 Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
 Location
 Posterior to Nasal Cavity
 Inferior to Sphenoid bone
 Superior to Soft Palate
 Closed off during swallowing by soft palate
& uvula
 Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
 Tubal tonsils
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 Oropharynx: Carries Food &
Air

 Thick, protruding stratified squamosal

epithelium due to great friction
 Location
 Posterior to Oral Cavity
 Runs from Soft Palate to Epiglottis
 Palatine tonsils
 Lingual tonsils

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Laryngopharynx: Carries Food
& Air

 Stratified squamosal epithelium

 Location
 Posterior to Larynx
 Continuous with esophagus (digestive
system)
 Continuous with larynx (respiratory system)

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 Regions of the Pharynx

Nasopharynx

Oropharyn
x
Laryngophary
nx

Pg 584
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Larynx = “voicebox”
 Location: C4-6
 Low in neck for speech
 Attachments
 Superiorly = hyoid bone
 Inferiorly = trachea
 Innervation = vagus
 Functions
 Voice production
 Airway
Pg 570
 Routes food/air

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 Vocal Cords
 Located in larynx
 Vocal ligaments run from aretynoid and thyroid
cartilages
 Elastic fibers form mucosal fold = true vocal cords
 “False” vocal cords = lie superior to true pair, no
role in voice production
 Exhaled air passes over them causing vibration
 Force of air = volume
 Length & tension of folds = pitch

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Pg 588
 Larynx
 9 Cartilages connected by ligaments & membranes
 1 Epiglottis
 1 Thyroid
 1 Cricoid
 2 Arytenoid
 2 Corniculate
 2 Cuneiform
 Superior part = stratified squamosal epithelium
 Below vocal cords= ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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 Laryngeal Cartilages
 Epiglottis
 Elastic cartilage; Mucosa covering
 Projects upward from anterior wall of
laryngeal inlet to level of base of tongue
 Thyroid Cartilage
 Large, shield shaped, made of 2 plates
 Laryngeal prominence
 Cricoid Cartilage
 Shaped like signet ring
 Between thyroid cartilage
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 Laryngeal Cartilages

Pg 587
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 Thyroid Gland

 Location:
 Along trachea, just inferior to larynx
 “Butterfly” shape
 Endocrine Gland
 Thyroid hormone (TH): increases basal metabolic rate
 Calcitonin: depresses excessive levels of Ca2+ in blood
 Blood Supply:
 Superior thyroid arteries (branches of ext. carotids)
 Inferior thryoid arteries (branches of subclavians)
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 Hyoid Bone
 Only bone not directly articulated
with other bones
 Attaches via ligaments to
temporal bone, larynx
 Components
 Body
 Pair of Greater Horns
 Pair of Lesser Horns
 Functions
 Moveable base for tongue
 Attachment for sternohyoid,

thyrohyoid
Pg 163  Superior attachment for larynx
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 Mouth = Oral Cavity
 Opening of alimentary
canal
 Lined with mucosa
 Thick, stratified epithelium
(slightly keratinized in
some parts)
 Boundaries
 Anterior = lips
 Lateral = cheeks

 Posterior = oropharynx

 Superior = palate

 Inferior = tongue
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Pg 617
 Mouth
 Lips (labia) + Cheeks: Keep food in mouth during
chewing
 Lips = Orbicularis oris
Pg 266-
 Muscles of Mastication (checkout Origin/Insertions!)
7
 Cheeks: Temporalis & Masseter (elevate mandible)
 Buccinator (chewing)
 Digastric (lower mandible against resistance)
 Pterygoids (lateral movements)
 Palate
 Hard palate (anterior): Tongue pushes food
against it during chewing, made of bone
 Soft palate (posterior): Closes nasopharynx
during swallowing; made of muscle
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 bitte
r
Tongue
 Functions sou
 r
Grips and moves food between teeth during chewing
 Mixes food with saliva = BOLUS
 Moves bolus down pharynx
 Speech production salt
 Houses taste buds (= gustation)
 Creates floor of mouth
y
 sweet
Attachments: hyoid, mandible, styloid process, soft palate
 Made of Skeletal muscle w/CT septum
 Intrinsic muscles
 Extrinsic muscles
 Innervation
 Motor = Hypoglossal (CN XII)
 Sensory = Mandibular (CN V3), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal
(CN IX)
Pg 618
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 Swallowing
 Voluntarily initiated
(pharynx)
 Peristalsis = propulsion
 Involuntary
 Alternate waves of
contraction and relaxation
of muscles in organ walls
(e.g. esophagus)
 Squeezes food from one
organ to next
Pg 611
 Some mixing
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 Salivary Glands
 Exocrine, tubuloalveolar glands
 Produce Saliva
 H2O, Ions, Mucus, Enzymes
 Internal salivary glands are small
 In mucosa of tongue, lips, palate, cheeks
 Keep areas wet
 External salivary glands are large, have ducts
 External to mouth
 Provide saliva when necessary or anticipated
 2 Submandibular, 2 Sublingual,
www.smso.net 2 Parotid glands
 Salivary Glands
 Moisten mouth, wet food
 Dissolve food to taste
 Bind food together
 Begin to break down
starch
 Neutralize mouth acid
 Kill harmful
microorganisms
Pg 618
 Promote beneficial
bacteria
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Tiny Tabitha’s Teeth

The story of teeth from

eruption to edentate

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Tiny Tabitha: Age 4 days
 Number of Erupted Teeth = 0
 Ultimate Goal = 32 Teeth
 Incisors (8): rip, cut
 Canines (4): tear and pierce
 Premolars (8): grinding
 Molars (12): grinding
 Estimated Time of
Completion = 15-25 years
 Currently jaws covered by
gingiva (gum): is oral mucosa
= lots of drooling

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Tabitha’s First Tooth
 Deciduous (Milk) = 20
 8 Incisors = 6-10 months
 4 Canines = 16-20 months
 4 1st Molars = 12-16 months
 4 2nd Molars = 20-24 months
 Dental Formula: describes
number, kind & position of
teeth in ½ of the mouth
canines premolar
s molars
Incisors 2:1:0:2
X 2 = 20
2:1:0:2
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 Tabitha’s
Teeth
 Function: Ingestion and
mechanical breakdown
of food
 Alveoli: sockets in
mandible and maxilla
teeth sit in
 Periodontal Ligament:
collagen fibers anchor
tooth in bony socket
 Gomphosis
 Cementum: calcified
connective tissue
attaching tooth to
Pg 620
periodontal ligament www.smso.net
Gross Anatomy of a Tooth
Pg 620

 Crown = area above gingiva

 Neck = (gumline) where crown and root meet
 Root = area below neck in alveolus
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Tabitha’s Teeth Begin to
Tumble
 Around 7 years of age the
periodontal ligaments & roots
of deciduous teeth are eroded
= teeth fall out
 Permanent teeth begin to
erupt between 7-13 years
 3rd Molars (Wisdom Teeth) may
not erupt until 17-25 years
 End Result: Adult Dental
Formula premolar
s
2:1:2:3
X 2 = 32
2:1:2:3
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 Tabitha’s Tooth Troubles
 College --> too much junkfood
= CAVITIES (caries)
 Bacteria erodes through the
outer enamel covering of tooth
 Avascular, Acellular
 Mostly calcium salts
 Not renewed or replaced
 Hardest substance in body
 In severe cases it erodes the
deeper dentin of tooth
 Made of minerals & collagen
 Is maintained during life
 Harder than bone
 Bulk of tooth

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Pg 620
 Tabitha’s Tooth Trauma!
 Most severe cases erosion penetrates
pulp cavity
 Center of tooth
 Pulp = loose CT w/ vessels & nerves
 Supplies nutrients to hard tissues
 Root canal: part of pulp cavity in root
 Apical Foramen: opening of pulp
cavity into root canal
 Artery: Sup/Inf Alveolar aa, branches
of Ext Carotid a
 Innervation:
 Maxilla = Superior Alveolar Nerves
 Mandible = Inferior Alveolar Nerves
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Pg 620
 Tabitha’s Teeth: the later
years

 Tabitha graduates college, begins to take

better care of her teeth (i.e. consistent
brushing, flossing & dental visits), and leads
a normal happy tooth-filled life UNTIL………

 GINGIVITIS…..(inflammation of the gingiva

caused by plaque accumulation) leads to…..

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Toodaloo Tabitha’s Teeth
 PERIODONTITIS
 Infection of periodontal
ligament leading to its
destruction and that of the
bone around teeth
 Leading to……..
 TOOTHLESSNESS!!!

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