GROWTH- BASIC CONCEPTS

GROWTH:DEFINED AS INCREASE IN SIZE BY RAPID MULTIPLICATION OF CELLS Acc. to MOYERS QUANTITATIVE ASPECT OF BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT PER UNIT OF TIME DEVELOPMENT: DEFINED AS PROGRESS TOWARDS MATURITY

Intramembranous bone formation v/s endochondral bone formation

Primary cartilage

secondary cartilage

It is that which has the innate potential for growth i.e,if the cartilage is transplanted to other location it has the potential to grow Eg: Nasal cartilage transplanted to cranium has potential to grow

This does not have potential to grow if transplanted to other site. Eg: Condylar cartilage

Translation
It is the movement of bone from one location to another

v/s

Transformation

It is the surface remodelling of bone by deposition & resorption

Deposition v/s

remodelling

Is a process of bone formation by osteoblastic activity, also called as APPOSITION

Is a process that involves shaping of bone by both deposition & resorption.

Primary displacement

secondary displacement

This is the displacement which occurs due to growth of the same bone,by means of appositional growth Eg: 1.As condyle grows upwards & posteriorly it displaces the mandible downwards & forwards 2.The growth of the maxillary tuberosity area & the posterior region as such displaces maxilla downwards & forwards

It occurs due to the growth of the neighbouring bone which in turn pushes this bone Eg: The growth of the anticranial fossa displaces the maxilla forward & downward

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Growth site

Growth centre

Is merely a location at which growth occurs

*ALL GROWTH

CENTRES ARE GROWTH SITES BUT NOT VICE-VERSA

Is exact location where independent growth occurs (genetically controlled)

CEPHALO-CAUDAL GRADIENT OF GROWTH

It means that there is an axis of increased growth extending from head towards the feet. A comparison of the body proportion between the pre natal & post natal life reveals that post natal growth of regions of the body that are away from the hypophysis is more.

This figure illustrates the change in overall body proportions that occur during normal growth and development.

SCAMMONS CURVE OF GROWTH

The body tissues are classified into 4 types 1.Lymphoid tissue 2.Neural tissue 3.General tissue 4.Genital tissue

Each of these tissues grow at different times and rates

Scammons growth curve

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TIMING: GROWTH SPURTS

It

has been observed that different individuals have varied biologic clocks in them and they exhibit peak growth at varying time intervals. Growth spurts are periods of sudden acceleration in growth seen in males & females

IST GROWTH SPURT- JUST BEFORE BIRTH

2ND GROWTH SPURTONE YEAR AFTER BIRTH

3RD GROWTH SPURT7-9YRS(FEMALES) 8-11YRS(MALES)

*4THGROWTH SPURT11-13YRS(FEMALES) 14-16YRS(MALES)

Fourth growth spurt is also called as PUBERTAL GROWTH SPURT. Manipulation of skeletal discrepancies is attempted by using myofunctional appliances during pubertal growth spurt. Hand wrist xrays helps to asses the level of pubertal growth spurt

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH

1.HEREDITY 2.NUTRITION 3.ILLNESS 4.RACE 5.CLIMATE AND SEASONAL EFFECTS

7.SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS 8.EXERCISE 9.FAMILY SIZE & BIRTH ORDER 10.SECULAR TRENDS 11.PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES

METHODS OF STUDYING PHYSICAL GROWTH

A.MEASUREMENT APPROACHES: (usually involves techniques for measuring living animals including humans) 1.CRANIOMETRY

-Based on measurements of skulls found among human skeletal remains -Originally used to study the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon peoples whose skulls were found in caves -precise measurements possible

2.ANTHROPOMETRY: -To measure skeletal dimensions of living individuals

-Possible to follow the growth of an individual directly, making the same measurements at a later date

3.CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHY:

-Disadvantage of representing a 3 dimensional structure into a 2-D scheme -Most popular of the above methods -Most growth studies are based on this

B.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES
1.VITAL

STAINING

-Initially discovered by JOHN HUNTER in 18th century 1)ALIZARIN:active die which react strongly with ca++ at bone calcification sites 2)TETRACYCLINE STAINING

2.RADIOACTIVE TRACERS:

-99mTc-gamma emitting isotope can be used to detect areas of rapid bone growth in humans

3.AUTORADIOGRAPHY 4.IMPLANT RADIOGRAPHY: pioneer scientists from Copenhagen-professor BJORK used titanium implants

AREAS WHERE IMPLANTS ARE PLACED

MECHANISMS OF BONE GROWTH

1.Bone is a specialized tissue of mesodermal origin 2.It forms the structural framework of the body 3.It is a calcified tissue that supports the body & gives points of attachment to the musculature.

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