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QUESTION:
dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere???? Wind Direction The direction of transport of pollutants emitted from sources depends on wind direction (WD). WD is the most important parameter affecting dispersion of
pollutants particularly from point sources. It is also important for dispersion from mobile sources, but not as much as in the case of stationary point sources.
(horizontal
temperature
due
to
veer,
shifts
Wind Speed Wind speed generally increase with height. Most of the wind measurements are carried out at 10 m standard altitude. But most of the emissions occur at higher altitude (exact altitude depends on the stack height).
Wind at the stack height can be calculated using the wind measurements at 10 m with the following power relation. U(z) = u(za) (z/za)p u(z): wind speed at altitude z u(za): measurement height (generally, but not necessarily 10 m)
p: exponent.
Figure 19-1 shows measured and calculated (using the above formula and 1/7 as the p) wind profiles in different places in the USA. The general theme of the figure is that measured and calculated profiles do not always match well. This is generally true for most of the calculations in the atmosphere.
The wind speed is important in atmospheric dispersion, because it dilutes pollutants as soon as they are emitted from the source. Figure 19-2 is a nice example. At wind speed of 6 m s-1 there are 1 unit of pollutant between each
speeds calculated for the top of the stack are used in calculations.
Travel time between the source and receptor (double the wind speed
= half the time) Plume rise (higher the wind speed lower the plume rise)
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TURBULANCE Turbulence is the irregular motion of the wind. Usually there is a mean wind flow and these irregularities are superimposed onto that flow. The irregularities which we call turbulence are usually in the form of swirls and eddies. Eddies are very important in the plume-dilution process, because they move pollutants outside the plume and brings fresh air (unpolluted) into the plume.
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Turbulence is generated by two mechanisms: Mechanical objects. Thermal turbulence is generated by the rising air parcel. Air close to the surface of the earth heated and rise. Colder air around these rising parcels moves down to replace them. But usually the downward movement of cold air is slower than upward turbulence is generated when wind passes around
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You can feel the turbulence by gusts. When you look at the wind records turbulence can be observed as rapid changes in wind direction or temperature. Eddies generated by thermal turbulence are more irregular and larger.
Mechanical turbulance
Thermal turbulance
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The most common mixing process in the atmosphere, which results in the dilution of pollutants in a plume, is called eddy diffusion. The swirling action in the plume removes polluted parcels from the plume and brings unpolluted air parcels into it. The net result is diffusion of the plume and its dilution. Eddies are more efficient in diluting the plume if the scale of the eddy is similar to the plume that is diluted.
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The eddies smaller than the plume, can only remove pollutants at the edges of the plume. The eddies that are larger than the plume can transport the plume as a whole, rather than diluting it. As a result of the turbulence (eddies) plume widens and dispersed, and pollutants diffuse away.
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The effect of the eddies on the expansion of the plume depends on the temperature profile in the atmosphere. The three their expansion and the
shape of a plume under different combinations are temperature profiles and given in Figure 19-4 The level of turbulence is a measure of the
Fanning plume
Looping plume
Lofting plume
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ESTIMATING CONCENTRATIONS FROM A POINT SOURCE The equations, which form basis to calculate concentrations from a point source in a 3-dimensional axis system are commonly, called Gaussian Plume
Model.
The coordinate system x-along the plume y-across the plume z-height 0-at the ground z
x y
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The model assumes that the concentration of a pollutant at any point in the plume is: proportional to emission rate, diluted by the wind at the point of emission with a rate inversely proportional to wind speed, concentration across the plume and vertically in the plume are described by a Gaussian distribution.
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No scavenging processes
It is assumed that when the plume touches to the ground or top of the mixing layer it reflects back to the plume centerline.
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For stable conditions or unlimited vertical mixing, concentration of a pollutant (g m-3) at a point (x, y, z) from a point source located at (0, 0, H) is given by
(19-2)
H: effective stack height (h + plume rise) x: downwind distance (m) y: crosswind distance (m) z: receptor height above ground (m) g1 = exp(-0.5y2/y2) g2 = exp[-0.5(H-z)2/z2] + exp[0.5(H+z)2/2]
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For y = 0 (plume centerline) For z = 0 (ground level) For z and H = 0 this equation is simplified. For unstable or neutral conditions where z > 1.6L the following equation is used (when the plume is well mixed in the vertical direction)
X = Q(1/u){g1/[(2)0.5 y]}(1/L)
(19-3)
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Note that:
When you use this equation z > 1.6L. z is a measure of how much the plume is expanded in the
vertical direction.
z > 1.6L means that the plume expanded so that it touches the top of the mixing layer and ground. both both boundaries. The net result is that plume is well mixed in the vertical direction. Then, eddy reflection repeatedly occurs in
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For unstable or neutral conditions where z < 1.6L (which means that the plume is fairly narrow) the following equation is used
(19-4)
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Note that: Eqn 19-4 is for a narrow plume which is the case close to the emission point Eqn 19-3 involves expanded plume and multiple reflections from the mixing height and ground which occurs as you go away from the source. In order to describe the whole plume you must combine the equations describing both situations (equations 19-3 and 19-4)
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What would be the maximum concentration in the plume? Integrate equation 19-2 and set it equal to zero
Xmax = (2Q/ueH2)(z/y)
This maximum concentration occur at the distance where z = H/(2)0.5
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Alternate coordinate systems for the Gaussian equations The coordinate system described in the previous section 0 at the bottom of the stack z vertical
y crosswind
x downwind The results will be identical if you put coordinate system at the bottom
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Determination of Dispersion parameters Dispersion parameters in the Gaussian Plume Equation are important as they determine how much the plume is dispersed as it travels. True determination of dispersion parameters require measurement of
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There are various estimates of these parameters, but the most widely used ones are based on Pasquill stability classes. Pasquil have developed a scheme to estimate y and z if there are no
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In this method you need three parameters to determine the stability of the atmosphere: Wind Speed Insolation (solar flux) Cloudiness
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Six classes of stability are defined depending on wind speed and the strength of the sunlight (insolation and cloudiness) (from class A to class F) These are given in Table 19-3 Classes A, B and C corresponds to unstable conditions, Class D corresponds to neutral condition and classes E and F correspond to stable conditions of the atmosphere. Usually for overcast conditions, neutral class D should be used no matter what the wind speeds are.
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Once the stability class of the atmosphere is established, z and y are determined using charts given in Figure 19-6. Note that units of z and y in this figure are meter and they change with distance from the source. That is why they represent spreading of the plume. This type of calculation is performed for every hour by models.
y (m)
z (m)
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Example of Dispersion Calculation: A point source releases 0.37 g s-1 of a pollutant. (Q) Effective height (H) = 40 m
concentration occurs?
What is the maximum concentration?
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z = H/(2)1/2
z = 40/(2)1/2 = 28.3 m for z = 28.3 m from figure 19-6. x = 0.28 km this is where the maximum concentration occurs. for x = 0.28 y = 49.0 m Xmax = (2Q/ueH2)( z/y) Xmax = 1.56 x 10-5 g m-3 = 15.6 g m-3
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Now let us see if the calculated ground level concentration is indeed the
maximum.
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Figure 19.1. Wind variation with height- measured (solid lines) and one-seventh power law (dashed lines).
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Figure 19.3. Examples of turbulence on wind direction records: (a) mechanical, (b) thermal
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Figure 19.4. Vertical expansion of continuous plumes related to vertical temperature structure. The dashed lines correspond to the dry adiabatic lapse rate for reference.
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Fanning plume
Looping plume
Lofting plume
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Figure 19.5. Two cross sections through a Gaussian plume (total mass under curves conserved)
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45 Figure 19.5. Two cross sections through a Gaussian plume (total mass under curves conserved)
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49.0 m
0.28 km
0.28 km
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Area sources:
Line Sources: Mobile Sources Motor vehicles
Sources where emissions are distributed. Ex, emissions in a settlement area Ex, Traffic emissions
Emissions that moves around
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Horozgedii istasyonu
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