GRAMMAR REVIEW

Issues

Parts of speech
Phrases Sentences

Issues

Parts of speech
Phrases Sentences

-English nouns - English verbs - English adjectives - English prepositions

Issues

Parts of speech
Phrases Sentences
- Noun phrases - Verb phrases - Prepositional phrases

Issues

Parts of speech
Phrases Sentences
- Simple sentences - Compound sentences - Complex sentences

LECTURE 1: ENGLISH NOUNS

Grammatical categories of Ns
Grammatical Categories
Number Case
E.g.: my sisters car a fall of 10%

Gender
E.g.: she-wolf desk mother-in-law

E.g.: mouse - mice box boxes fish - fish

Grammatical categories of Ns
Grammatical Categories
Number
Invariables = nouns that do not vary

Variables

= nouns that do vary

1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Invariables
Singular only
Non-count Ns N-ending in s news scissors water, oil physics pants (abstract) abstract freedom the true the ugly customs cattle (concrete) the poor the blind arms people Substantive Adj Ns with plural meaning

Plural only
Pluralia tantums Collective Ns Substantive Adj

material

1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Variables Regular plural Irregular plural
- voicing /f/ /vz/

Zero plural

(N + s)
- /s/ books, stops - /z/

leaf leaves
- en ending ox oxen - change of the

(same form for both plural &

singular)

sheep, deer, tout

beds, stars
- /iz/ boxes, brushes

root vowel
tooth - teeth - foreign plural medium - media

Grammatical categories of Ns
Case

s genitive
= with the nouns of higher gender class E.g.: her moms car

of genitive
= with the nouns of lower gender class

double genitive
= of and s genitives used together

E.g.: the paint of the room E.g.: a friend of her fathers

Grammatical categories of Ns
Case Genitive meaning
Examples My fathers hat Her sisters nephew My fathers permission The arrival of the bus The criminals arrest Two days visit The town of Vinh Yen Equivalents My father has a hat. Her sister has a nephew. My father permits. The bus arrived. Someone arrested the criminal. A visit lasts 2 days. Vinh Yen is a town.

Genitive meaning Possessive Human relation Subjective (+ original) Objective Descriptive Appositive

1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Gender
= In English, there is not any further morphological feature that helps distinguish gender (unlike Russian or French) Feminine: woman Common: teacher Neuter: table (female) (both male and female) Gender Masculine: man Sex (semantic concept) (male)

LECTURE 1: NOUN PHRASES

Issues
NOUN PHRASE
Basic NP
Determiners
Predeterminers Central determiners Postdeterminers

Complex NP
Modification
Premodification Postmodification Multiple modification

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Noun Phrase

Noun phrases
= typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall

Basic NP Complex NP

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Noun Phrase

Noun phrases

Basic NP

Complex NP

Basic Noun phrases

Basic NP

(Determiners)
E.g.: All these 10

Head noun
pupils

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Determiners

Determiners
= words of close-system used before a N to determine the precise meaning of the N Pre-determiners Central determiners Post-determiners

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Determiners Pre-determiners
mutually exclusive
E.g.: all girls, both girls BUT NOT: all both girls

Determiners

all, both, half

multipliers
fractions such, what

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Determiners Pre-determiners
+ before:

Determiners
all, both, half articles (a, an, the, zero article) E.g.: all the time possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.) E.g.: both his sisters demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.) E.g.: half those days quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)

+ not before:

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Determiners Pre-determiners
+ take partitive of-phrases

Determiners
all, both, half optional with nouns

E.g.: all (of) the time

obligatory with pronouns E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it + all, both: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.

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Determiners Pre-determiners
+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns

Determiners
multipliers Once, twice, three times, double, etc.

E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries + occur with the determiners a, every, each and per to indicate frequency

E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year

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Determiners Pre-determiners

Determiners
fraction (one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)

+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction.

E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books. + the indefinite article can replace one. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.

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Determiners Pre-determiners
+ occur before the head noun

Determiners
Such/ what

+ such: combined with all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers E.g.: What/ Such a surprise! no/many/41 such incidents

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Determiners
Central determiners

Central Determiners
6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)

(1) the, possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed), no

(2)

(3)
a(n) every each Either neither

(4)

(5)

(6)

zero article some, any (unstressed) enough

this that

these those

much

Central Determiners
Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes
COUNT SINGULAR
bottle furniture bottles

NON-COUNT

PLURAL

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Determiners
Central determiners

Central Determiners

(1) the, possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed), no

E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family. - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I wont give this pen to any student. - She has no idea at all.

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Determiners
Central determiners

Central Determiners

(2)

zero article some, any (unstressed) enough

E.g.: - Love is not everything. - I did not have enough time to do this. - I want some beer, please. - Have we got any wine for tonight?

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Determiners
Central determiners

Central Determiners

(3)
a(n) every each Either neither

E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple. - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal.

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Determiners
Central determiners

Central Determiners

(4)

this that

E.g.:

This chair is mine and that table is yours. I cant stand this silence.

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Determiners
Central determiners

Central Determiners

(5)

these those

E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls?

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Determiners
Central determiners

Central Determiners

(6)

much

E.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.

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Determiners
Post determiners

Central Determiners

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

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Determiners
Post determiners

Central Determiners

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

include: one, two, three, etc. E.g.: my three son his two books

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Determiners
Post determiners

Central Determiners

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

ordinal numerals: first,second, third, etc. general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further E.g.: the first time another candidate

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Determiners
Post determiners

Central Determiners

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

before count Ns: many, (a) few, several before non-count Ns: much, (a) little E.g.: a few words much stress

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Determiners
Post determiners

Central Determiners

include:Cardinal a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc. numerals verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns (lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.) ordinals Ordinal numerals/general E.g.: Lots of food was on the table. There was a lot of food on the table. Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

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Noun Phrase

Noun phrases

Basic NP

Complex NP

Complex noun phrase

Complex NP

Pre+ modification
E.g.: All the 11

Head noun
pupils

Post+ modification
playing football

Modification
Modification

function
Restrictive Permanent

status

Non-restrictive

Temporary

Modification
Modification
helps identify the head & indicate a
function
Restrictive

limitation on the possible reference status of the head

Permanent tends to come after the head

tends to be given more prosodic emphasis

Non-restrictive

than the head

Temporary

E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.

He visited his aunt who often lent

him money.

Modification
Modification
gives additional information to the head but is not essential for identifying the status head the reference: unique or as member of a Permanent class that has been independently identified tends to come before the head tends to be unstressed Temporary in pre-head position E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday, is quite readable. (member of a class) She is his poor, old mother. (unique)

function
Restrictive

Non-restrictive

Modification
Modification

function Have reference to characteristic features Non-restrictive Mainly the items which are placed in premodification position E.g.: an ugly man Restrictive the easy-going lady
Permanent

status

Temporary

Modification
Modification

function
Non-restrictive Have reference only to a specific time Mainly those adjectives which have to be predicate Restrictive E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man Permanent

status

Temporary

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Premodification
s-genitive

Premodification

-ing/-ed participles sentence adverbials noun adjectives multiple premodification

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Premodification
s-genitive

Premodification

-ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial noun adjective

E.g.: Mary's brother is very naughty.

multiple premodification

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Premodification
s-genitive

Premodification

-ing/-ed participles

E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage. sentence The wanted man was last seen in Paris.
adverbial noun Note: the participles denote the permanent. She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me.

E.g. adjective

multiple premodification The man who is married = the married man

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Premodification
s-genitive

Premodification

-ing/-edparticiples sentence

E.g.:

adverbial I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude.

She nounwaved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face.
adjective multiple premodification

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Premodification
s-genitive

Premodification

-ing/-edparticiples

E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown. sentence

adverbial noun adjective multiple premodification

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Premodification
s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples sentence

Premodification

E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard door. adverbial

noun adjective multiple prmodification

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Premodification
s-genitive

Premodification

-ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial

E.g.: noun She is a lovely girl.

adjective multiple premodification

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses

E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .

non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

prepositional phrase

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses
prepositional phrase

E.g.: She love the monitor in your class.

appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

non-finite clause

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause

E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.

Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

appositive clause

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.
adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses

E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English. phrase 12thprepositional Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born. Thats the reason why he spoke ill of me. non-finite clause She shows me the way how I can cook beef.
appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause

E.g.:

Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

The girl over there is my sister. appositive clause The road back is dense with traffic.

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Postmodification

Postmodification
relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason

E.g.: Something strange happened last night.

adverb adjective multiple postmodification

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Multiple modification

Multiple modification

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

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Multiple modification

Multiple modification
with single head: E.g.: his last brilliant book with multiple head: E.g.: the new chair and table the new but ugly table and chair

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

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Multiple modification

Multiple modification

Multiple premodification Sequence of premodifiers: Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head Multiple E.g.: a crumbling church towel postmodification the extravagant London social life some intricate old inter-locking Chinese designs

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Multiple modification

Multiple modification

with single head: E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John Multiple premodification with multiple head: E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John

Multiple postmodification