Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Geographic Information
information about places on the earths surface knowledge about what is where when
(Dont forget time!)
GIS--whats in the S?
Systems: the technology Science: the concepts and theory Studies: the societal context
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) a system of earth-orbiting satellites which can provide precise (100 meter to sub-cm.) location on the earths surface (in lat/long coordinates or equiv.) Remote Sensing (RS) use of satellites (and aircraft) to capture information about the earths surface Geographic Information Systems (GISy) at a minimum, comprises a capability for input, storage,GPS manipulation output of geographic and RS areand sources of input data for a GISy. information
A GISy provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.
Systems
technology for the acquisition and management of spatial information
Science
comprehending the underlying conceptual issues of representing data and processes in space-time the science (or theory and concepts) behind the technology Studies understanding the social, legal and ethical issues associated with the application of GISy and GISc
uses explicit location on earths surface to relate data aimed at decision support, as well as on-going operations and scientific inquiry
DBMS--typical MIS data base contains implicit but not explicit locational information city, LGA,village, zip code, etc. but no geographical coordinates is 100 N. High around the corner or across town from 200 E Main? Automated Mapping (AM) --primarily two-dimensional display devices thematic mapping (choropleth,etc such as GRAPH, business mapping software) unable to relate different geographical layers (e.g location of boreholes and villages) automated cartography--graphical design oriented; limited database ability Facility Management (FM) systems- lack spatial analysis tools CAD/CAM (computer aided design/drafting)--primarily 3-D graphic creation (engineering design) & display systems dont reference via geographic location CAD sees the world as a 3-D cube, GIS as a 3-D sphere limited (if any) database ability (especially for non-spatial data) scientific visualization systems--sophisticated multi-dimensional graphics, but: lack database support lack two-dimensional spatial analysis tools
Civil Engineering/Utility Locating underground facilities Designing alignment for freeways, transit Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
Code enforcement
Housing renovation programs Emergency response Crime analysis Tax assessment
Environmental Sciences
Education Administration
Real Estate Neighborhood land prices Traffic Impact Analysis Determination of Highest and Best Use
Political Science
Redistricting Analysis of election results Predictive modeling
allow for the integration of data hitherto confined to independent domains (e.g property maps and air photos). by tying data to maps, permits the succinct communication of complex spatial patterns (e.g environmental sensitivity). provides answers to spatial queries (how many AIDS infections cases have been identified in villages around Kaduna town?) perform complex spatial modelling (what if scenarios for transportation planning, disaster planning, resource management, utility design)
allows geographic features in real world locations to be digitally represented and stored in a database so that they can be abstractly presented in map (analog) form, and can also be worked with and manipulated to address some problem
The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features in the real world can be represented either as: points or dots (nodes): Taps, trees, poles, wells, airports, cities lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers, roads, tracks areas (polygons): land parcels, cities, counties, forest, rock type
Real World
Raster Representation
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 R R R R R R R R R R T T T T H 6 7 R T T H 8 9
Vector Representation
point
line
polygon
Projection: the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the earth is represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen distortion is inevitable Scale: the ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on the ground in theory GIS is scale independent but in practice there is an implicit range of scales for data output in any project Accuracy: how well does the database info match the real world Positional: how close are features to their real world location? Consistency: do feature characteristics in database match those in real world is a road in the database a road in the real world? Completeness: are all real world instances of features present in the database? Are all roads included. Resolution: the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized for raster data, it is the pixel size
Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonymous concepts), with each theme representing a common feature. Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earths surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principle.
Layers are comprised of two data types hydrology longitude Layers may be represented in two ways: in vector format as points and lines in raster(image) format as pixels All geographic data have 4 properties: projection, scale, accuracy and resolution
Spatial data which describes location (where) Attribute data specifing what, how much,when
topography longitude
Attribute Data
ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA clear market leader with about a third of the market originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981 privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics MapInfo, Troy N.Y. Aggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now well-established. Strong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecom Intergraph (Huntsville, AL) origins in proprietary CAD hardware/software Older UNIX-based MGE (Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CAD new generation GeoMedia product based on NT is now their main focus strong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management) Bentley Systems (Exton, PA) MicroStation GeoGraphics, originally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusive and main product.. Strong in engineering; advertises itself as geoengineering Autodesk (San Rafael, CA) Began as PC-based CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplier First GIS product AutoCAD Map introduced in 1996 Primarily small business/small city customer base
Raster GIS
ERDAS/Imagine
long established leader acquired by Leica Geosystems in 2001
ER MAPPER
aggressive newcomer originating in Australia
Envi,
relative newcomer, radar specialization acquired by Kodak in 2000
PCI--Geomatica
long-term Canadian player
CARIS
newer Canadian entry
Thank
You