System Analysis & Design System Analysis & Design

System System Analysis Analysis & & Design Design
OBJECT-ORIENTED OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING MODELING
COMP 211
OO MODELING WITH UML1
OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING OUTLINE
Modeling and Abstraction

OO modeling aggregation, classification and generalization
Objects and Classes

state & behavior attributes & operations
Generalization
inheritance
Links and Associations

multiplicity aggregation & composition
COMP 211
OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING
[2.3]
Why models?
to abstract reality
filter out non-essential details
to help us deal with complexity

deal with human limitations
to allow us to focus on the big picture to promote understanding, cleaner design, maintainable systems
Why objects?
to reflect reality more accurately to reduce the semantic gap between reality and a model
We model reality as a number of interacting objects

COMP 211 OO MODELING WITH UML3
OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING PERSPECTIVES

conceptual
do not consider any aspects of implementation of objects
focus on identifying the objects in the application domain
specification
consider interfaces of objects (but no internal aspects)
focus on how objects interact in the solution domain
implementation
consider all details of objects (external and internal)

COMP 211
focus on how to code objects
same OO concepts can be used at all levels to build models

ABSTRACTION
[2.3.2]
mental process of selecting some characteristics and properties and excluding others that are not relevant
- wings, flies, landing gear, ...
abstraction is always for some purpose many different abstractions of the same thing are possible all abstractions are incomplete descriptions of reality
COMP 211
We do not need completeness, just modeling adequacy!

QUESTION?
If you had to draw a map of the area around HKUST to explain to someone someone how how to get to get to HKUST to HKUST from from Choi Choi Hung, Hung, what what is the is the one most one important most important thing you thing would you include? would include?
1) roads. 2) land topology (e.g., contours showing elevation above sea level. 3) historical sites to see (e.g., the HKUST beach). 4) the types and places of vegetation (i.e., trees and other types of plants). 5) location of hiking trails. 6) bus routes.
COMP 211
QUESTION?
If you had to draw a map of the area around HKUST to explain to someone someone how how high high the the Academic Academic Building Building is above is above seasea level, level, what is the what one ismost the one important most important thing youthing would you include? would include?
1) roads. 2) land topology (e.g., contours showing elevation above sea level. 3) historical sites to see (e.g., the HKUST beach). 4) the types and places of vegetation (i.e., trees and other types of plants). 5) location of hiking trails. 6) bus routes.
COMP 211
TYPES OF ABSTRACTIONS
[2.3.2]
classification group similar instances of objects

Microsoft software DBMS software IS_MEMBER_OF relationship
IS_MEMBER_OF relationship
Word
PowerPoint
. . .
Access
Oracle
. . .
Sybase
pick out common properties and ignore unique properties
COMP 211
TYPES OF ABSTRACTIONS (contd)
aggregation group dissimilar sets of objects
airplane
IS_PART_OF relationship
wing
landing gear
. . .
fuselage
ignore differences among the parts and concentrate on the fact that they form the whole
COMP 211
generalization group similar sets of objects

superclass/supertype
student
IS_A relationship
secondary
undergrad
. . .
postgrad
subclass/subtype
note difference between classification and generalization
classification applied to individual instances of objects generalization applied to sets of objects (classes)

student
generalization
undergrad
classification
Sam
Tina
. . .
John
aggregation
name
student id
. . .
COMP 211
QUESTION?
Consider the relationship between files and directories in a computer system. Which type(s) of abstraction models this relationship?
1) classification only 2) aggregation only 3) generalization only 4) classification and aggregation 5) aggregation and generalization 6) classification and generalization 7) classification, aggregation and generalization directory 8) none of the above
file
COMP 211
OBJECT
[2.3.4; 2.4.2]
a concept, abstraction or thing with crisp boundaries and meaning which plays a role with respect to a request for an operation
Freds Savings Account

Balance Deposit Withdraw
COMP 211
interface describes the operations which an object can perform

OBJECT CONTENTS Freds Savings Account

Account number (integer value)
state
Amount (money value) Balance Method (code)
Balance Balance
Deposit Method (code)
Deposit Deposit
Withdraw Method (code)
behavior
Withdraw Withdraw
Pay-interest Method (code)
Pay interest
OBJECT ENCAPSULATION
a kind of abstraction that enforces a (clean) separation between the external interface and the internal implementation of an object
object 1 user
request response
object 2 interface
request response
interface
hides unnecessary details of implementation (information hiding) and ensures modularity an object has a visible (public) interface and a hidden (private) implementation
COMP 211
OBJECT PROPERTIES
each object has a unique, immutable identity independent of its current state or behavior OID
objects communicate by responding to stimuli that invoke their operations message passing
Freds Savings Account
Deposit(...)
Teller Alice
objects choose how/whether they will respond to a message/stimulus object independence
COMP 211
(OBJECT) CLASS
state behavior
[2.3.4; 2.4.2]
a description of a group of objects that have common:

- relationships - semantics
objects in a class share a common semantic purpose
Why classes? convenient way of describing a collection of objects specify what values are acceptable in a given context How are classes and modules related? classes can be thought of as loosely coupled, highly cohesive modules
QUESTION?
Which apply type classification of abstraction abstraction relates objects to objects and to classes? form classes
1) classification only 2) aggregation only 3) generalization only 4) classification and aggregation 5) aggregation and generalization 6) classification and generalization
IS_MEMBER_OF relationship
7) classification, aggregation and generalization 8) none of the above (this is not a type of abstraction)
COMP 211
CLASS ATTRIBUTE
a description of data values held by objects in a class
each attribute has:

name (unique within a class) type (specifies the domain of values from which an attribute can take its values)
continuous discrete
visibility: public (+), protected (#), private (-) initial value (optional) multiplicity (optionaldefault is exactly 1) changeability: frozen, addOnly, no constraint (default)
base attribute versus derived attribute

age versus birthdate
COMP 211
ATTRIBUTES UML NOTATION
<<sterotype>> visibility name [multiplicity]: type-expression = initialvalue {property-string} property-string -> a comma separated list of properties or constraints
Examples
+ size: Area = (100,000) {frozen} name: string telephone[0..2]: string telephone[1, 3..4]: string - salary: Money {>0, <1,000,000}
COMP 211
You are not required to know this syntax!

Question?
apply aggregation abstraction Which type of abstraction relates
to attributes to classes? form classes attributes and
1) classification only 2) aggregation only 3) generalization only Course 4) classification and aggregation 5) aggregation and generalizationIS_PART_OF 6) classification and generalization relationship 7) classification, aggregation and generalization course# 8) none of the above (this is not a type of abstraction) name instructor prerequisite
COMP 211
CLASS OPERATION
a function or transformation that may be applied to or by objects in a class
invoked by a message sent to an object operation signature: name of operation (selector), number and types of the arguments, and the type of the result value visibility: public (+), protected (#), private (-) side effects: if the execution of an operation changes the state of an object (query operation no side effects)
COMP 211
OPERATION UML NOTATION

<<sterotype>> visibility name (parameter-list): return-type {property-string}
parameter-list -> kind name: type-expression = default-value
kind-> in - pass by value out - pass by reference (no input value ; output value only) inout - pass by reference (input and output value)
property-string -> a comma separated list of properties or constraints

isQuery = true or false isPolymorphic = true or false concurrency = sequential call to guarded execute an callers must coordinate to ensure only one an object may execute at one time
- multiple calls to an object may occur simultaneously, but only one is allowed to at a time; other calls are blocked multiple calls may occur simultaneously to object and all execute concurrently
concurrent -
COMP 211
You are not required to know this syntax!

CLASS METHOD
the implementation of an operation for a class
polymorphic operation an operation that can have several different methods

class File
ASCII file digitized file
operation print
ASCII file print method digitized file print method
dynamic binding choosing the method to execute for an operation based on the objects class How does a requesting object know whether the returned value is the result of accessing an attribute value or of a calculation performed by a method?
COMP 211
CLASS UML GRAPHICAL NOTATION Class name attribute compartment operation compartment extra compartment
derived attribute Visibility
+ public - private # protected
Company +name: string +address: string +stock price: money +profit: money /pe ratio: decimal #hire #fire -pay-dividend
COMP 211
GENERALIZATION
[2.4.2]
a relationship between a class and one or more refined versions generalization

superclass
Vehicle
vehicle-type
subclass
Van
superclass
Car
car-size
Truck
discriminator
Compact
subclass
Midsize
Full-size specialization
discriminator: an attribute of enumeration type that indicates which property of a class is being abstracted by a generalization
GENERALIZATION INHERITANCE
the assumption of properties by a subclass from its superclasses
extract similarities (common attributes and operations), put them in a superclass and inherit them to subclass(es)
reduces redundancy promotes reusability
only define properties and behaviour in one place

an object of a subclass should be substitutable for an object of the superclass
COMP 211
GENERALIZATION INHERITANCE (contd)

subclass may
add new properties (attributes, operations) override methods
Account
account-number amount balance deposit withdraw
conflict resolution by:

user-defined order predefined order redefine names (attributes only)
Checking
service-charge withdraw
Savings
interest-rate withdraw
Checking Savings
service-charge interest-rate withdraw
MULTIPLE INHERITANCE EXAMPLE

University member
id
id
Student
Employee
id
id
id
id
id
Undergrad
Postgrad
Staff
Faculty
? id
COMP 211
TA
id ?
Student
id
Employee
id
id
id
id
id
Undergrad
Postgrad
Staff
Faculty
? id
TA
id ?
COMP 211
Vehicle
weight
Land vehicle
size
displacement
Water vehicle
size
Car
Amphibious vehicle
name conflict
Boat
COMP 211
GENERALIZATION ABSTRACT CLASS

a class that has no direct instances
used as a container for definitions, but no instances of the class are of interest Account
Checking
Savings
Note: operations may also be abstract no method specified

GENERALIZATION CONSTRAINTS
overlapping - a superclass object can be a member of more than one Player subclass Player
Soccer Female
Tennis
{overlapping}
Tennis
Soccer
disjoint - a superclass object is a member of at most one subclass Person Male

{disjoint}
Person
Male
Female
COMP 211
GENERALIZATION CONSTRAINTS (contd)

complete - all superclass objects are also members of some subclass University University Student Student Undergrad
incomplete - some superclass object is not a member of any subclass Tree Elm Oak Tree Birch
COMP 211
Postgrad
{complete}
Undergrad
Postgrad
{incomplete}
Oak
Elm
Birch

overlapping, incomplete Player
Player
Soccer PG
Tennis
{overlapping, incomplete}
Tennis overlapping, complete Course

{overlapping, complete}
Soccer
Course
UG
UG
COMP 211
PG

disjoint, complete University Student Undergrad University Student
disjoint, incomplete Tree Elm Oak Tree Birch

COMP 211
Postgrad
{disjoint, complete}
Undergrad
Postgrad
{disjoint, incomplete}
Oak
Elm
Birch
QUESTION?
Payment
{disjoint, complete}
Cash
Credit-card
Debit-card
The abstraction generalization shown above is:

1) overlapping, complete 2) disjoint, complete 3) overlapping, incomplete 4) disjoint, incomplete
COMP 211
QUESTION?
Customer
{overlapping, complete}
WWW
In-store
The abstraction generalization shown above is:

1) overlapping, complete 2) disjoint, complete 3) overlapping, incomplete 4) disjoint, incomplete
COMP 211
LINK
[2.4.2]
a physical or conceptual relationship between object instances

Person Gan Kok Wee Dik Lee Works-for Beat Wthrich Fred Lochovsky Organization HKUST Boeing Pam Drew Course COMP 111 COMP 337 COMP 211 COMP 332
Teaches
ASSOCIATION
[2.4.2]
a description of a group of links with common semantics

Teaches Teaches
Person
Works-for
Course
class diagram
Person
Works-for can show navigability of
Organization associations
Organization
can show readability of associations
COMP 211
conceptually, associations are inherently bi-directional

ASSOCIATION (contd)
there can be several associations between the same two classes

Attended
Person
Works-for Attended Works-for
University
Fred
U Toronto
or even with the same class
Person
Married-to Manages
COMP 211
QUESTION?
Which apply type aggregation classification of abstraction abstraction abstraction relates to links toclasses links and to associations? to form form associations associations
1) classification only 2) aggregation only

Works-for
3) generalization only 4) classification and aggregation Person 5) aggregation and generalization University 6) classification and generalization 7)Person classification, aggregationUniversity and generalization 8) none of the above (this is not a type of abstraction)
COMP 211
ASSOCIATION DEGREE
unary
relates a class to itself
Person Manages
binary
Person
Teaches
Course
ternary
Project
Language
Person
n-ary - relates any number of classes
COMP 211
In practice, the vast majority of associations are binary

ASSOCIATION DEGREE (contd)

Bank
Customer
Account
can this be expressed as two binary associations?
Customer
Has
Account
Is-with
Bank
COMP 211

Person
Project
Language
Mary
John
CAD
C Cobol
Accounting
COMP 211
can this be expressed as two binary associations?


Project Person Language
Mary
John
CAD
C Cobol
Accounting
COMP 211
cannot tell which language Mary uses on which project


Person Project Language
Accounting
CAD
Mary
John
Cobol C
COMP 211
cannot tell that Mary uses only Cobol on Accounting and John uses only C on Accounting

Project Language Person
C Cobol
CAD
Accounting
John Mary
COMP 211
cannot tell that Mary uses only C on CAD and not on Accounting
ASSOCIATION MULTIPLICITY
specifies restrictions on the number of objects in each class that may be related to objects in another class
1..1
Instructor
Teaches
0..1
Course
For a given course, how many instructors can teach it?
assume each course can be taught by one and only one instructor
For a given instructor, how many courses can he teach?

assume an instructor does not have to teach any course and may teach at most one course in a given semester
a real-world constraint!
ASSOCIATION MULTIPLICITY (contd)

C1 min-card(C2,A) max-card(C2,A) minimal cardinality (min-card)
min-card(C1,A): minimum number of links in which each object of C1 can participate in A min-card(C1,A) = 0 optional participation min-card(C1,A) > 0 mandatory participation
a..b
c..d
C2 max-card(C1,A) min-card(C1,A)
maximal cardinality (max-card)

max-card(C1,A): maximum number of links in which each object of C1 can participate in A

special cardinalities: max-card = * an unlimited upper bound () min-card = 1 and max-card = 1 can use 1 by itself min-card = 0 and max-card = * can use * by itself max-card(C1,A) = 1 and max-card(C2,A) = 1

COMP 211
one-to-one association (1:1)
max-card(C1,A) = 1 and max-card(C2,A) = *

one-to-many association (1:N)
max-card(C1,A) = * and max-card(C2,A) = *

many to many association (N:M)

one-to-one association (1:1) Country
0..1
Capital-of
1..1 1
City
Country China Canada USA
Capital-of
City Beijing Ottawa New York Washington
COMP 211

one-to-many association (1:N) Employee
* 0..*
Assigned-to
1..1 1
Department
Employee John James Alan Bill Larry
Assigned-to
Department Sales Production Marketing
COMP 211

many to many association (N:M) Supplier
*
Supplies
Part
Supplier E-com Vtech Mach SGH Hi-tech
Supplies
Part 85213 28175 33472 90231
Lansing
COMP 211
QUESTION?
? 10..45
Enrolled-in
Student
? 1..5
Course
A student must enroll in at least one course and can enroll in at most five courses
A course must have at least ten students enrolled in it and cannot have more than forty-five students enrolled in it.
COMP 211
N-ARY ASSOCIATION MULTIPLICITY

defined with respect to the other n-1 ends
given a ternary association among classes (A, B, C), the multiplicity of the C end states how many C objects may appear in association with a particular pair of (A, B) objects
Registration
Course
0..1
Professor
Student

0 or 1 professor for each (course, student) a student will not take the same course from more than one professor, but a student may take more than one course from for each (student, professor) many courses one professor and a professor may teach more than one course for each (course, professor) many students
COMP 211
QUESTION?
Meets
Course
0..3
Day
0..1
Classroom
for each (course, classroom) for each (course, day) for each (classroom, day)
0, 1, 2 or 3 days 0 or 1 classrooms many courses
COMP 211
AGGREGATION/COMPOSITION ASSOCIATION
[2.4.2]
a special type of association in which there is a part-of relationship between one class and another class
Has
Computer
Disk
a component may exist independent of the aggregate object of which it is a part aggregation
Course
Has
Course-offering
a component may not exist independent of the aggregate object of which it is a part composition
COMP 211
AGGREGATION/COMPOSITION (contd)
sometimes it is not clear whether the parts should be related with or Chassis Car Engine
Transmission
Doors
Frame
Which aggregation association to use is a matter of how one interprets reality and/or the requirements of the application
COMP 211
WHEN TO USE AGGREGATION/COMPOSITION?
Would you use the phrase part of to describe the association or name it Has? Are operations on the whole automatically applied to the part(s) composition? Are some attribute values propagated from the whole to all or some of the parts? Is there an intrinsic asymmetry to the association where one object class is subordinate to the other(s)?
It is not wrong to use association rather than aggregation!

ASSOCIATION ROLE NAMES
[2.4.2]
role: one end of an association
Person
Works-for employee employer
Company
for binary associations there are two roles
COMP 211
ASSOCIATION ROLE NAMES (contd)

role: one end of an association
Boss
Person
Worker
Manages
John Sarah
Boss
Worker Frank Bill Boss
COMP 211
ASSOCIATION QUALIFIED
qualifier an attribute or list of attributes whose values serve to partition the set of objects associated with an object across an association Order
1
product
* 0..1
Order line
Team
position
1..2 10
Player
an object in the source class together with a value of the qualifier uniquely select a partition in the set of target class objects use when we want to show the basis on which we partition the target set (for implementation purposes)
COMP 211
ASSOCIATION CONSTRAINTS
ordering Country
1
Has
{ordered} *
President
subset
*
Member-of
{subset}
* *
Person
Committee
Chair-of
general C1
a..b
A
{Boolean expression}
c..d
C2
COMP 211
ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION CLASS

Student
[2.4.2]
Enrolled-in
Course
Enrolled-in
grade
What about an attribute like grade?

Student
A+
Marco Connie Jason
Course
COMP 332
C A B
Joe
B+ ACOMP 303
COMP 201
COMP 211
ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION CLASS (contd)

When to associate an attribute with an association?
salary
?
Company
name address
Person
name hkid address
Works-for
Usually needed only for many to many relationships!
COMP 211
UML RELATIONSHIPS
association describes links among object instances (only relationship that relates object instances)
generalization
relates a more general class (superclass) to a more specific kind of the general class (subclass)
dependency
flow usage realization
relates classes whose behavior or implementation affect other classes

relates two versions of an object at successive times shows that one class requires another class for its correct functioning relates a specification to its implementation (e.g., an interface to the classes that implement it)
COMP 211
STEREOTYPE
a new class of modeling element, which is a subclass of an existing modeling element
Example:
allows the object model to be dynamically extended
we can define different kinds of classes that are useful for modeling
<<control>> <<boundary>> <<entity>>
PenTracker
OrderForm
BankAccount
PenTracker
OrderForm
BankAccount
COMP 211
special icons can be used for each stereotype

CLASS DIAGRAM EXAMPLE

Order
date delivery address
1..*
[2.4.2]
1..*
Item
description picture cost
Payable
1 * *
Invoice
amount date due date
Has buy invoice Has sell invoice
buyer
1
Account
balance seller owner

{incomplete}
VIP
expiry date
CLASS DIAGRAM EXAMPLE

Successor
Client
EventHandler
- currentEventId: integer - source: string handleRequest(): void
GUIEventHandler
COMP 211
SUMMARY OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING
UML Object Model Class name attribute compartment operation compartment Student
{complete, disjoint}
Undergrad
Grad
Student
10..45
Enrolled-in
1..5
Course
Course
Course-offering
COMP 211
EXAMPLE
Construct a class diagram for the classes listed below. Use association, aggregation and generalization relationships as necessary. Show multiplicity for all relationships and role names where necessary.
file system sector track
drive ASCII file
file disk
directory executable file
COMP 211
EXAMPLE
The classes shown have attributes that are really pointers (OIDs) to other classes and which should be replaced with relationships. In the current design, a person may have up to three companies as employers. Each person has an ID. A car is assigned an ID. Persons, companies, or banks may own cars. Car owner ID is the ID of the person, company, or bank who owns the car. A car loan given by a bank may be involved in the purchase of a car. Prepare a class diagram in which the pointers are replaced with relationships. Use associations, aggregations, generalizations and association classes as necessary. Show the most likely multiplicities for all associations and the final attributes for each class. Note: Your final class diagram should contain no IDs.
COMP 211
EXAMPLE
Person name age employer 1 ID employer 2 ID employer 3 ID person ID address
Car owner ID vehicle ID owner type model year
Car loan vehicle ID customer type customer ID account number bank ID interest rate current balance
Company name company ID
Bank name bank ID
COMP 211

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System System Analysis Analysis & & Design Design

OBJECT-ORIENTED OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING MODELING

OO MODELING WITH UML1

OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING OUTLINE

Modeling and Abstraction

Objects and Classes

Links and Associations

OO MODELING WITH UML2

to help us deal with complexity

We model reality as a number of interacting objects

OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING PERSPECTIVES

focus on identifying the objects in the application domain

focus on how objects interact in the solution domain

focus on how to code objects

same OO concepts can be used at all levels to build models

- wings, flies, landing gear, ...

We do not need completeness, just modeling adequacy!

OO MODELING WITH UML6

OO MODELING WITH UML7

classification group similar instances of objects

pick out common properties and ignore unique properties

OO MODELING WITH UML8

TYPES OF ABSTRACTIONS (contd)

aggregation group dissimilar sets of objects

OO MODELING WITH UML9

TYPES OF ABSTRACTIONS (contd)

generalization group similar sets of objects

note difference between classification and generalization

TYPES OF ABSTRACTIONS (contd)

OO MODELING WITH UML11

OO MODELING WITH UML12

Freds Savings Account

interface describes the operations which an object can perform

OBJECT CONTENTS Freds Savings Account

Freds Savings Account

objects choose how/whether they will respond to a message/stimulus object independence

OO MODELING WITH UML17

a description of a group of objects that have common:

objects in a class share a common semantic purpose

OO MODELING WITH UML19

each attribute has:

base attribute versus derived attribute

OO MODELING WITH UML20

ATTRIBUTES UML NOTATION

You are not required to know this syntax!

to attributes to classes? form classes attributes and

OO MODELING WITH UML22

OO MODELING WITH UML23

OPERATION UML NOTATION

property-string -> a comma separated list of properties or constraints

You are not required to know this syntax!

polymorphic operation an operation that can have several different methods

OO MODELING WITH UML25

OO MODELING WITH UML26

a relationship between a class and one or more refined versions generalization

only define properties and behaviour in one place

GENERALIZATION INHERITANCE (contd)

conflict resolution by:

MULTIPLE INHERITANCE EXAMPLE

MULTIPLE INHERITANCE EXAMPLE

OO MODELING WITH UML31

MULTIPLE INHERITANCE EXAMPLE

OO MODELING WITH UML32