DIRECTING

Introduction

Directing/Direction is a function of management performed by top level management in order to achieve organizational goals. It is very important and necessary function of management. Management has to undertake various activities like, guide people, inspired and lead them as well as supervision of their activity is required in order to achieve desired results.

Meaning and Definition

Direction consists of the process and techniques utilized in issuing instructions and making certain that operations are carried as originally planned.

Directing involves determining the course, giving order and instruction and providing dynamic leadership Marshall
Activating means and moving into actionsupplying simulative power to the groupG.R Terry

Directing involves..
Telling people what is to be done and explaining how to do it. Issuing instructions and orders to subordinates. Inspiring them to contribute towards the achievement of objectives, Supervising their activities; Providing leadership and motivation

ELEMENTS OF DIRECTION
Communication

Leading
Motivation

Supervision
Coordination

COMMUNICATION

Communication Is

- Complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It is the process by which verbal and non-verbal symbols are sent, received and given meaning. Communication word has been derived from Latin word Communis which means common, thus communication stands for sharing of an idea in common.

Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons Newman and Summer It is a sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another. It is a bridge of meaning, it involve systematic telling, listening, and understanding Haimann

Most Common Way to Communicate

Speaking Writing

Body language

Visual images

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
People - minimum is 2; one will act as the sender and the other the receiver Message the content or the substance of what is being communicated, could be an idea, feeling, instruction, fact or opinion Channel the medium and the manner by which the message is conveyed ; could be verbal or non-verbal

Feedback the reaction of the receiver to the message as conveyed through a particular channel; measures the effectiveness of the communication Noise anything that distorts the message conveyed

The Communication Process

FOUR BASIC DIRECTIONS

Downward Communication
Travels from superior to subordinates. Katz and Kahn have identified five general purposes of superior-subordinate communication.

To give specific task directives about job instruction To give information about organization procedures and practices

To provide information about the rationale of the job To tell subordinates about their performance To provide ideological-type information to facilitate the indoctrination of goals

Upward Communication
Travels from subordinate to superior. The most common purpose of this communication is to provide feedback on how well things are going. It provides also the middle level managers the opportunity to represent their subordinates to the upper level managers.

Examples: a. Open-Door Policy a communication policy in which a manager, CEO, president or supervisor leaves their office door "open" in order to encourage openness and transparency with the employees of that company. c. Complaint program

Lateral Communication

Takes place between people in the same level of the management hierarchy. The most common reason for this communication flow is to provide coordination and teamwork

Diagonal Communication
Occurs between people who are neither in the same department nor in the same level of management hierarchy. In this case, someone communicate either downward or upward with someone in another functional area. In utilizing this flow of communication, protocol must be observed so as not to bypass the authority of the person concerned

Effective Methods of Communication

Electronics
These are highly effective means of quickly reaching those with whom you are communicating

Interaction and participation are possible and often simple for all involved parties

Their ease of use means that they pose a possible risk of communications overload

The seemingly endless possible combinations of words, images and colour are very powerful

Meetings
If used properly; meetings can build relationships and mutual trust Meetings enable instant feedback

Meetings facilitate mutual understanding

Reponses can often be gauged through eye contact Preparation, planning and openness are required

Journalism
In-house publications enable a wide range of messages and editorial techniques

It is possible to facilitate some interaction through reader letters and contributions.

The content of most organizations journals tends to be bland, resulting in

Internal Marketing
This is a powerful method of selling change to the organizations own staff Detailed written documents and colourful posters help to explain and simplify complex messages These techniques are able to elicit very strong, immediate motivational responses

Noticeboards
Can be either official information givers, or for general use by employees Provide a central location in which to make information accessible to all employees. There is no real possibility of interactive response, and employees may feel uninvolved.

Telephone
The telephone is not suitable for lengthy or complicated discussions The lack of physical presence may lessen the speakers understanding of each other

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Too much information people suffers from what we call sensory overload The message is poorly organized communicating also involves planning

Inaudible voice when talking in front of a crowd be sure that you have loud and clear voice so that everybody will be able to hear what you are saying Mannerisms distract attention

Lack of understanding Inconsistent verbal and non-verbal communication Noise any factors that disturbs, confuses or interferes with communication

Differing perceptions people who have different backgrounds of knowledge and experience often perceive the same phenomenon from different perspective Language differences the words used must mean the same thing to sender and receiver
Too many links in the communication process

OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

Use feedback to facilitate understanding and increase the potential for appropriate action

Repeat message in order to provide assurance that they are properly received

Use multiple channels so that the accuracy of the information may be enhanced

Use simplified language that are easily understandable and which eliminates the possibility of people getting mixedup with meanings

TO ATTAIN EFFECTIVE MANAGERIAL COMMUNICATION

Humanize understand, appreciate and elevate the importance of humans above other concerns

Harmonize establish a climate of cooperation, trust, helpfulness, confidence, belongingness and openness
Habitualize put into a habit such positive practices

Institutionalize put into practice good communication habits at the individual level until these practices are introduced to the company or organization as standard operating procedure Acclimatize adjust, be flexible and extra tolerant Modernize learn the modern ways of communicating

Symbolize if words will not do, use symbols

Empathize to understand intimately the other peoples feelings ,thoughts, motives and aspirations

Dualize make your communication dual

Minimize Keep It short!!!!

INFORMAL COMMUNICATION IN THE ORGANIZATION

The Grapevine is an informal channel of business communication. It is called so because it stretches throughout the organization in all directions irrespective of the authority levels.

a. Grapevine Networks

Gossip chain happens when one person passes informal communication to all others in the informal organization Single strand each person receives information from one individual and passes it to another

Probability chain people randomly pass information to the other members of the organization

Cluster chain people pass information to other members of the informal organization selectively

b. Grapevine Activity.

People tend to engage in grapevine when: When people lack information When there is insecurity in a situation When people have personal interest in the situation

LEADERSHIP

Leadership Is
- Art of getting someone else to do something that you want done because he wants to do it (Dwight D. Eisenhower) - Process of directing the behaviour of others toward the accomplishments of objectives.
- Is one of the important parts of direction.

Leadership is the ability to secure desirable action from a group of followers voluntarily, without the use of coercion- Alford and Beatly Leadership refers to the quality of the behaviour of the individual whereby they guide people on their activities in organized efforts- Chester Barnard

LEADING IN TIMES OF CRISIS

Stay calm Be visible Put people before business Tell the truth Know when to get back to business

LEADERSHIP STYLES

Autocratic Leadership

Under the autocratic leadership style, all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader, as with dictators. Leaders do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates. The autocratic management has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the manager. It permits quick decision-making, as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to him/herself until he/she feels it needs to be shared with the rest of the group.

Participative Leadership

consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing social equality.

Consultative Leaders Consensus Leaders Democratic Leaders

Free- rein Leadership /Laissez-faire

A person may be in a leadership position without providing leadership, leaving the group to fend for itself. Subordinates are given a free hand in deciding their own policies and methods.

Narcissistic leadership

The narcissism may be healthy or destructive although there is a continuum between the two. To critics, "narcissistic leadership (preferably destructive) is driven by unyielding arrogance, self-absorption, and a personal egotistic need for power and admiration.

Toxic leadership

A toxic leader is someone who has responsibility over a group of people or an organization, and who abuses the leader-follower relationship by leaving the group or organization in a worse-off condition than when he/she first found them.

Importance of Leadership

Initiates action- Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the policies and plans to the subordinates from where the work actually starts. Motivation- He motivates the employees with economic and noneconomic rewards and thereby gets the work from the subordinates.

Providing guidance- A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for the subordinates. Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have to perform their work effectively and efficiently.
Creating confidence- Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through expressing the work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them guidelines to achieve the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the employees with regards to their complaints and problems.

Building morale- Morale denotes willing cooperation of the employees towards their work and getting them into confidence and winning their trust. A leader can be a morale booster by achieving full co-operation so that they perform with best of their abilities as they work to achieve goals.
Builds work environment- Management is getting things done from people. An efficient work environment helps in sound and stable growth. Therefore, human relations should be kept into mind by a leader. He should have personal contacts with employees and should listen to their problems and solve them. He should treat employees on humanitarian terms.

Co-ordination- Co-ordination can be achieved through reconciling personal interests with organizational goals. This synchronization can be achieved through proper and effective coordination which should be primary motive of a leader.

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

a.

Fielders Contingency Theory

- it hypothesizes that, in any given leadership situation success is determined primarily by;
1.

The degree to which the task being performed by the followers is structured The degree of position power possess by the leader The type of relationship that exists between the leader and the followers. Theory X and Y Assumptions Theory Z

2.

3.

b. c.

MANAGEMENT STYLES
1. Management by crisis

The process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public. 2. Management by exception

Is a "policy by which management devotes its time to investigating only those situations in which actual results differ significantly from planned results.

3.

Management by objectives

A process of defining objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization 4. Management by coaching and development Best described as the process from which managers learn and improve their skills not only to benefit themselves but also their employing organizations.

5.

Management by competitive edge

defined as the strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage strengthens and positions a business better within the business environment. 6. Management by consensus

Consensus management means that when a decision is reached by the group, there is total commitment to it by all members. It does not necessarily mean the decision was reached easily or that there were not widely differing views shared and debated during the group's discussion. But once consensus is formally achieved, division of opinion, so far as that decision is concerned, should cease.

7. 8. 9.

Management by styles Management by walking around Words simplifications

FILIPINOS AS MANAGERS
a. Managers who are content-oriented; interested on what to do and why; most planners and thinkers

1.Manager by Libro
2.Manager by Oydo

b. Managers who are process oriented; interested in how to do the job; most implementers and doers 1.Manager by Kayod 2.Manager by Lusot

c. Combination of content and process

1.Management by Ognayan

MOTIVATION

- set of forces that energize worker to do their job and to sustain their behaviour. Introduction & Definition to motivate means to provide motive, to impel people to action, and to create incentives to work. Motivation is the work a manager performs to inspired, encourage, and impel people to take required action Lewis Allen The act of stimulating someone or oneself to get a desired course of action- Michael J

Nature and Characteristics Motivation

Is an internal feeling Motivation is related to needs Motivation lead to goal oriented behaviour Motivation can be positive or negative

Importance of Motivation
1.Puts human resources into action Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This can be done by building willingness in employees to work. This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources.

2.

Improves level of efficiency of employees

The level of a subordinate or an employee does not only depend upon his qualifications and abilities. For getting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. This will result intoa. Increase in productivity, b. Reducing cost of operations, and c. Improving overall efficiency.

3.

Leads to achievement of organizational goals

The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the following factors take place :4. Builds friendly relationship

Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction. This can be done by keeping into mind and framing an incentive plan for the benefit of the employees. This could initiate the following things: a. Monetary and non-monetary incentives, b. Promotion opportunities for employees, c. Disincentives for inefficient employees.

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

1. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

a. Physiological b. Safety and security c. Social d. Esteem e. Self-actualization

2. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory

a. Establishing basic needs at work 1. Salary and benefits 2. Working conditions 3. Company Policy 4. Status 5. Job security 6. Supervision and autonomy 7. Office Life

b. Heightening workplace motivation 1. Achievement 2. Recognition 3. Job Interest 4. Responsibility 5. Advancement

3. Need Achievement Theory

4. Acquired needs Theory
a. Need for achievement b. Need for power c. Need for Affiliation

5. Goal setting Theory

a. Specific goals lead to higher performance than do generalize do goals

b. Performance generally increases in direct proportion to go difficulty

c. For goals to improve performance, the employee must accept them

d. Goals are more effective when they are use to evaluate performance e. Goals should be linked to feedback and reward f. Goals setting is as important as individual goal setting

6. Expectancy Theory of Motivation

1. The individual believes effort (E) will lead to favourable performance (P) 2. The individual believes performance will lead to favourable outcome (O) 3. Outcome or reward satisfies an important need 4. Needs dissatisfaction is intense enough to make efforts seem worthwhile

7. Theory I
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
1. Fear motivation

2. Incentive motivation
3. Change or growth motivation

SUPERVISION

Supervision implies expert overseeing of subordinates -at work in order to guide and regulate their efforts. Every manager has to supervise the work of his subordinates to see that they do their work as desired. But supervision is particularly important at the operating level of management or at the lowlevel management.
The supervisor is in direct personal contact with the workers and he acts as the link between workers and management. He communicates the policies, plans and orders of management to the workers. He also brings workers' grievances, suggestions and appeals to the notice of management. Effective supervision is essential for the accomplishment of desired goals.

The direction of people at work is the most difficult of all production related tasks. Supervision means constantly functioning in a state of flux and ambiguity and few people feel satisfaction from being a supervisor. The reason this is worth mentioning is because many new supervisors feel that something is "wrong" when they are constantly faced with problems relating to their workforce. This state of flux and ambiguity is normal to supervision and success is measured in percentages rather than absolutes.

All work requires the coordination of effort. We accomplish this by giving workers assigned tasks and assigned time in which they are to accomplish these tasks. But just giving instructions is not enough. You must give clear, specific instructions on what is to be done, monitor the worker in the course of their efforts and hold them accountable for specific results. These three elements; specific instructions on what is to be done, monitoring them periodically to make sure it is being done, and making the employee accountable for the results are the core of the supervisory process. It is the responsibility of the supervisor to do this. Workers who do not receive good instruction and direction; who are allowed to do work incorrectly without correction and who do not have a review of their performance have not had proper supervision and hence have not been allowed to perform properly.
The purpose of supervision is to ensure that subordinates perform their tasks according to prescribed procedures and as efficiently as possible.

In Supervising
1. Set realistic expectations. The expectations that are often left unstated need to be openly discussed. 2. Establish clear goals. Goal setting gives purpose and direction to the work of the individual subordinates as well as to the manager. It ensures alignment to corporate strategy. 3. Communicate. Successful communication is a learned process that must accommodate individual needs. As the boss, you establish the norms. Solicit feedback, encourage discussion (especially alternate points of view), and be accessible.

4. Support. A manager is not made by title alone. Anyone new to a supervisory position needs to develop certain professional skills. Your mentoring will be the key to success. 5. Be the Model Manager . Lead the way! Have others do as you say and do.

COORDINATION

What's Coordination?
Co-ordination is the unification, integration, synchronization of the efforts of group members so as to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals. It is a hidden force which binds all the other functions of management. According to Mooney and Reelay, Coordination is orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals. According to Charles Worth, Coordination is the integration of several parts into an orderly hole to achieve the purpose of understanding.

Management seeks to achieve co-ordination through its basic functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. That is why, co-ordination is not a separate function of management because achieving of harmony between individuals efforts towards achievement of group goals is a key to success of management. Co-ordination is the essence of management and is implicit and inherent in all functions of management. A manager can be compared to an orchestra conductor since both of them have to create rhythm and unity in the activities of group members.

Co-ordination through Directing

- The purpose of giving orders, instructions & guidance to the subordinates is served only when there is a harmony between superiors & subordinates.

END