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COURSE SYNOPSIS
Provides a background of control principles in various engineering applications. Basic mathematical tools such as Laplace transform, transfer function, block diagram, signal flow graph, mathematical modeling of dynamic systems, time response analysis, stability of linear system, root locus and frequency domain analysis are utilized.
LIST OF REFERENCES
Textbook
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References
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TEACHING PLAN
Week
1-2 3-4
Course Content
Introduction to Control Systems The Basics of Control Theory
5-6
7-9 10-11 12-13 14
15
Controller
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
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Late 1934, Hazen introduce term servomechanism v. 1940 frequency response methods to design lnear closed loop control system vi. 1960 time domain analysis due to design of digital computers
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CONTROL SYSTEM
Control is the process of causing a system variable to conform to some desired value. Manual control Automatic control (involving machines only). A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response.
Input Signal
Control System
Energy Source
Output Signal
Control is a process of causing a system variable such as temperature or position to conform to some desired value or trajectory, called reference value or trajectory. For example, driving a car implies controlling the vehicle to follow the desired path to arrive safely at a planned destination.
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If you are driving the car yourself, you are performing manual control of the car.
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If you use design a machine, or use a computer to do it, then you have built an automatic control system.
BUSINESS SYSTEM
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Component or process to be controlled can be represented by a block diagram. The input-output relationship represents the cause and effect of the process.
Input
Process
Output
Control systems can be classified into two categories: i. Open-loop control system ii. Closed-loop feedback control system
An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly without using feedback.
Desired Output Response
Actuating Device
Process
Output
A closed-loop feedback control system uses a measurement of the output and feedback of the output signal to compare it with the desired output or reference.
Desired Output Respons e
Compariso n
Controller Measurement
Process
Output
Controller
Process
Output Variable s
Measurement
HUMAN SYSTEM
HUMAN SYSTEM
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Pancreas
Regulates blood glucose level Automatically generated to increase the heart rate and oxygen in times of flight
Adrenaline
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Eye
Follow moving object Hand Pick up an object and place it at a predetermined location
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Temperature
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Figure shows a schematic diagram of temperature control of an electric furnace. The temperature in the electric furnace is measured by a thermometer, which is analog device. The analog temperature is converted to a digital temperature by an A/D converter. The digital temperature is fed to a controller through an interface. This digital temperature is compared with the programmed input temperature, and if there is any error , the controller sends out a signal to the heater, through an interface, amplifier and relay to bring the furnace temperature to a desired value.
TRANSPORTATION
Car and Driver
Objective: To control direction and speed of car Outputs: Actual direction and speed of car Control inputs: Road markings and speed signs Disturbances: Road surface and grade, wind, obstacles Possible subsystems: The car alone, power steering system, breaking system
TRANSPORTATION
Error
Driver
Steering Mechanism
Automobile
Time response:
TRANSPORTATION
Consider using a radar to measure distance and velocity to autonomously maintain distance between vehicles.
Automotive: Engine regulation, active suspension, anti-lock breaking system (ABS) Steering of missiles, planes, aircraft and ships at sear.
PROCESS INDUSTRY
For steel rolling mills, the position of rolls is controlled by the thickness of the steel coming off the finishing line.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Consider a three-axis control system for inspecting individual semiconducting wafers with a highly sensitive camera
HOMES
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CD Players
The position of the laser spot in relation to the microscopic pits in a CD is controlled.
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Air-Conditioning System
To be controlled
Converts the control signal to a power signal Provides measurement of the system output Represents the desired output
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Actuators
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Sensors
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Reference input
Error
Controller
Actuator
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Actual Output
Process
Feedback Signal
Sensor
Goal of the system: Position the reader head in order to read data stored on a track. Variables to control: Position of the reader head
Specification:
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Speed of disk: 1800 rpm to 7200 rpm Distance head-disk: Less than 100nm Position accuracy: 1 m Move the head from track a to track b within 50ms
System Configuration:
ASSIGNMENT 1
Describe the principle of operation for Watts Flyball Governor. Include the relevant block diagram and indicate the functional components of the system. Your report should be no more than 2 pages long. The report should be submitted on Wednesday (21/10/2000) during the tutorial session.
FURTHER READING
Chapter 1
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Nise N.S. (2004). Control System Engineering (4th Ed), John Wiley & Sons. Dorf R.C., Bishop R.H. (2001). Modern Control Systems (9th Ed), Prentice Hall.
The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind
THE END