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Functions:
Stability demands:
• Provide stable base of support for body in weight
bearing activities without undue muscle or energy
expenditure
• Acts a rigid lever for effective push off phase of gait
cycle
Mobility demands:
• Dampen the rotations imposed by proximal joints
• Being flexible enough to absorb the shock of
superimposed body weight
• Permitting the foot to adapt to changing terrain
• The foot and ankle consists of 28 bones
with 25 complex joints
• It can be divided into
c. Hind Foot:Talus & calcaneum
d. Mid Foot:Navicular,cuboid & 3 cunieform
e. Forefoot:Metatarsals
& phalanges
Ankle Joint:
• Synovial joint with 1° of freedom,most
congruent joint
• Articulation between talus and distal tibia
and fibula
Articular surface:
• Proximal segment is
composed of concave
surface of tibia and
tibial and fibular
malleoli – mortise
• Distal segment is formed by the body of
talus – has 3 articular surfaces lateral ,
medial and trochlear/superior facets
Ligaments:
• Capsule is thin and weak anteriorly and
posteriorly
• Two major ligaments maintain contact and
congruence of the mortise and talus and
control medial- lateral joint stability
• Medial collateral ligament-
• Deltoid ligament
• Has superficial and deep fibers
• Controls medial distraction stress, checks
motion at extremes of range
• Lateral collateral ligament-
• Consists of Anterior &
posterior talofibular lig.,
calcaneofibular ligament
• Helps control varus stresses and checks
extremes range
• Anterior talofibular ligament is the weakest
& most commonly torn followed by
calcaneofibular
• Posterior talofibular ligament is strongest
Function :
• Ankle has 1° of freedom – dorsi flexion/
plantar flexion
Other motions are
• Talar tilt (Inversion/ Eversion) in the frontal
plane, A-P axis
• Talar rotation (Abduction/adduction) occurs
in the transverse plane/vertical axis
ROM:
• Dorsiflexion from neutral : 0 - 20°
3. Cervical ligament
Calcaneal valgus
(eversion)
Calcaneal varus
(inversion)
Weight bearing subtalar joint motion:
• The most critical functions of the foot occur in
weight bearing, and when the foot is weight
bearing, there is effectively a closed chain formed
for the lower extremity
• Consequently the kinetics and kinematics of this
joint will be affected by proximal and distal joints
• Calcaneum is not free to move