Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate

Chapter 16: Digestive System

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Slide 2.1

Stomach Anatomy
J shaped flat bag
Located in epigastric, left hypochondriac regions Food enters through gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter

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Slide 14.15a

Stomach Anatomy

Figure 14.4a
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Slide 14.17

Stomach Anatomy
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac region Fundus Body Pylorus terminal end

Food empties into the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter

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Slide 14.15b

Stomach Anatomy

Rugae internal folds of the mucosa

External regions
Lesser curvature Greater curvature

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Slide 14.16a

Stomach Anatomy
Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach
Lesser omentum

Greater omentum
Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs

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Slide 14.16b

Stomach Anatomy

Figure 14.4a
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Slide 14.17

Stomach Functions
Acts as a storage site for food Chemical digestion of protein begins Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine

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Slide 14.18

Specialized Mucosa of the Stomach

Simple columnar epithelium
Gastric glands secrete gastric juice Chief cells produce pepsinogens

Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid

Endocrine cells produce gastrin

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Slide 14.19

Structure of the Stomach Mucosa

Gastric pits
formed by folded mucosa

Glands and specialized cells

are deeper in the gastric gland region

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Slide 14.20a

Structure of the Stomach Mucosa

Figure 14.4b, c
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Slide 14.20b

Small Intestine
Site of nutrient absorption Muscular tube ~20 long extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by mesentery

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Slide 14.21

Subdivisions of the Small Intestine

Duodenum
Attached to the stomach

Curves around the head of the pancreas

Jejunum
Second portion, ~8

Ileum
Longest portion, ~10
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Slide 14.22

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

Enzymes mix with chyme. Come from: Intestinal cells Pancreas (also adds HCO3-) Bile enters from the gall bladder

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Slide 14.23a

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

Figure 14.6

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Slide 14.23b

Villi of the Small Intestine

Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa
Provide more surface area

Figure 14.7a
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Slide 14.24

Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients

Absorptive cells

Blood capillaries
Lacteals (specialized lymphatic capillaries)

Figure 14.7b
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Slide 14.26

Folds of the Small Intestine

Called circular folds or plicae circulares Submucosal specialization has Peyers patches collections of lymphatic tissue

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Slide 14.27

Large Intestine
Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine ~6 long

Has subdivisions
Named for direction of food movement

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Slide 14.28

Large Intestine

Figure 14.8
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Slide 14.28

Functions of the Large Intestine

Absorption of water
Eliminates indigestible food as feces

Does not participate in digestion

Goblet cells produce mucus for lubrication

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 14.29

Functions of the Large Intestine

Contains many bacteria (mostly E. coli)
Bacteria digest our wastes

Produce vitamins, amino acids

Vits. B, K

We absorb their wastes

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Slide 14.29

Structures of the Large Intestine

Cecum saclike first part
Appendix

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that may become inflamed (appendicitis)

Hangs from the cecum

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Slide 14.30a

Structures of the Large Intestine

Colon
Ascending
Transverse Descending Sigmoid (S-shaped)

Rectum
Anus external body opening
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Slide 14.30b

Large Intestine

Figure 14.8
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Slide 14.28

Modifications to the Longitudinal Layer of Muscle

Smooth muscle reduced to three bands (taeniae coli)

Muscle bands are shorter than colon

Walls are formed into pouches called haustra

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Slide 14.31

Accessory Digestive Organs

Salivary glands
Teeth

Pancreas
Liver

Gall bladder

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Slide 14.32

Organs of the Digestive System

Figure 14.1
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Slide 14.2b

Salivary Glands

Salivary glands: 3 pairs

Parotid glands located anterior to ears

Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

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Slide 14.33

Saliva
Mixture of mucus and serous fluids Helps to form food into a bolus Contains salivary amylase starch digestion Dissolves chemicals for taste buds We produce ~1 liter/day
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Slide 14.34

Teeth
Function to masticate (chew) food

Humans have two sets

Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth

20 teeth are fully formed by age two

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Slide 14.35a

Teeth
Permanent teeth
Replace deciduous teeth beginning ~6 years of age A full adult set is 32 teeth some people do not have wisdom teeth

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Slide 14.35b

Classification of Teeth
Incisors (2) Canines (1) Premolars (2) Molars (3)
Same number and type of teeth in each quadrant so. Dental Formula: 2-1-2-3
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Slide 14.36a

Classification of Teeth

Figure 14.9
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Slide 14.36b

Liver
Largest gland in the body Located in right hypochondriac region Four lobes Suspended by the falciform ligament Connected to gall bladder via common hepatic duct

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Slide 14.39

Primary Function of Liver

Produces bile for fat emulsification

Composition: water, plus

Bile salts Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin) Cholesterol Phospholipids

Electrolytes
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Slide 14.40

Role of the Liver in Metabolism

Final metabolism of most food
Detoxifies drugs and alcohol Degrades hormones Produces cholesterol, blood proteins Regulates distribution of nutrients

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Slide 14.77

Gall Bladder
Sac attached to inferior surface of liver

Stores, concentrates bile

Bile enters duodenum in the presence of fatty food
Requires hormonal signals, autonomic innervation

Gallstones can cause blockages

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Slide 14.41

Pancreas
Exocrine function: Produces digestive enzymes

Enzymes: secreted into duodenum

Bicarbonate ions: neutralize acidic chyme

Endocrine products of pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

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Slide 14.38