PR-2 Elevated Temperatures & High Strength Materials

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Temperature Behaviour

L = L0 ( 1+ T ) where

= Coefficient of Expansion = 1 X 10-5 / oC for Steel

= 1 X 10-5 / oC for Concrete

T = Difference in Temperature L/ L0 = T ( Strain ) Example : Ideally,100 oC change in Steel Section gives 0.12% Strain.

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Material Behaviour - STEEL

Stress Strain Curve for Mild Steel Yield Point & Plastic Range

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Material Behaviour - STEEL

Stress Strain Curves of Steel & Mild Steel

Hookes Law

Stress Associated with 0.2 percent Strain is yield Stress

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Temperature Behaviour - STEEL

Proportional Limit

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Temperature Behaviour - ANALYSIS

P M Relation with Temperature P= Stress X Area = (E x Strain ) X Area = EA T M = K E I /L2 Where K varies with B.Cs & Joint Stiffness

P & Counteract Each Other With for Temperature Stress

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Temperature Behaviour & Codes

Maximum & Minimum Temperatures are defined as per Region in IS 875 Part V . Temperature Variation is taken from Mean Temperature to Extremity.(Except Desert Conditions) Codal Provisions preclude temperature design with Guidelines for Geometry and detailing. IS 800 Section 3.10.4 Indicates Stress Analysis of Structure for Temperature need not be done if provisions of code are met

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Temperature Behaviour & Codes

IS456 :2000 Section 27 ,45 m Maximum Length for Expansion Joint,Else refer IS 3414

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Strength Variation & alloys

Enhanced Physical Properties are achieved mainly by Heat Treatment Process Addition of Elements to steel

What are the physical Properties ? 1) Strength 2) Ductility 3) Toughness

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Metallurgic process
Temperatures o C
< 910 910 -1400 1400-1539

Lattice Structure
BCC FCC BCC

Identified As
ferrite austenite - ferrite

Body Centred Cubic

Face Centred Cubic

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Crystalline Structural Variation

Ferrite

Pearlite

Austenite

Martensite

Cooled Rapidly Cooled Slowly

Pearlite-Ferrite

Pearlite : Laminated mixture of Ferrite & Cementite is hard and has low ductility Martensite : Extremely Hard & Brittle
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Heating Treatment process

Annealing

Normalizing

Quenching

&

Tempering

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Heat Treatment Process

1)

Heat Treatment of Steel : Annealing : Steel is Heated above 910 C , held at that temperature , slowly

Cooled in the Furnace.

2)

Normalizing : Like Annealing,but Steel is Cooled at a fast rate in ambient air temperature.

3)

Quenching & Tempering Quenching ( Oil) : Steel is water quenched at higher cooling rate Quenching ( Water) : Steel is water quenched at even higher cooling rate and When Martensite is Heated to a temperature of 600 C , it results in steel with superior strength & ductility . Therefore High Strength steels obtained with same material
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Strength Variation

Grain Size & Yield Strength Fy = Fo + K/d

Strength is Achieved by
1. 2. 3.

additives to Steel

Carbon Content Micro Alloy ( Carbon Manganese Steels) with Al,V,Mo etc Chromium

Examples FE490 , SAILMA.

Carbon Equivalent ( CE ) : CE of 0.43 & Above May require Preheating in the HAZ( Heat Affected Zone ) for Welds (IIW,1967)

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Structural Steels
Type of Steel Mild Steel Medium - Carbon Steel High Carbon Steel Carbon Content Up to 0.1% Up to 0.25% Up to 1% Uses Steel Sections in buildings , bridges etc Boiler Plates, Structural Steel Sledgehammers,mason tools,Drills,Axes etc

IS 2062 : Structural Steel Specification for Fabrication IS 8500 : Structural Steel MicroAlloyed( Medium and High Strength quality)

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Analysis & Design Input

IS 800 :2007 Section 16 :Fire Resistance , Youngs Modulus relation with Temperature. Coefficient of Expansion for Steel above 100 oC Increases to 1.4 X 10-5 / oC (AISC 360)

IS 6533 (Part 2) : 1989 Chimneys Fy for IS2062 Steel in relation with temperature, till 400 oC

Example, Yield Strength at 400 oC is considered 0.5X Fy for structural Steel(fy = 250 )

EN 13084 :7 Design of Chimneys ELEVATED temperature steel properties

If Temperature Resistant Alloy Steels are Used for Elevated temperatures then the mechanical properties are obtained from , A387 Or Equivalent
ASME Boiler & Pressure Code : 2004 part II Section D TABLE Y-1
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BOLTS
A193M BOLTS A490M BOLTS

F436M WASHER

BOLT ASSEMBLY High Temperature

A194M NUTS

F436M WASHER

BOLT ASSEMBLY High Strength

A563M NUTS

For Example :

A194M , Nuts are specified For High Temperature Service as :

M72 Grade 2H Heavy Hex nut shall be reheated above critical Range Quenched in a suitable Medium , And then tempering at a temperature not less than 455 oC .
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Codal References
Structural Steel Bolts , NUTS & WASHERS for HIGH STRENGTH & HIGH TEMPERATURES

A193M - Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service A194M - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both A320M - Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service A325M - Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength A490M - Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints A563M - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts F436M - Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
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References

AISC 360 -10 :Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Appendix 4 BS 5950 : PART 8 Fire Resistance for structural steelwork EN 1993-1-2:2005 : Structural Fire Design Behaviour of High Strength Structural Steel at Elevated Temperatures: Ju Chen & Ben Young ;Brian Uy, Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,2006

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Thank You

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